IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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I.I 


1^ 


■30 


2.5 
2.2 


^m 


1.8 


1.25  II . .4      ,6 

M 6"     — 

► 

Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


^:-&- 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

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J 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHIVI/ICIVIH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  CI 
to  the 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


0 

n 
n 

D 
D 

n 


n 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 

Covers  damaged/ 
Couverture  endommagde 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurde  et/ou  pellicul6e 

Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  gdographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli6  avec  d'autres  documents 


rri    Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 


D 


along  interior  margin/ 

Lareliure  serrie  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 

distortiOi-'  le  long  de  la  marge  intdrieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajouties 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  filmdes. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppl6mentaires: 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6tA  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-Atre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique.  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  methods  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiquis  ci-dessous. 


I      I    Coloured  pages/ 


D 
D 
0 
D 
0 


D 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagdes 

Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaur6es  et/ou  pelliculdes 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  ddcolordes,  tachetdes  ou  piqudes 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d6tach6es 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 


Their 
poasil 
of  the 
fllmin 


Origin 
begini 
the  la 
sion, 
other 
first  p 
sion. 
or  illui 


I      I    Quality  of  print  varies/ 


Quality  inigale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  suppl^mentaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 


The  la 
shall 
TINUE 
which 

Maps, 
differ! 
entirel 
beginr 
right  a 
requin 
metho 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6t6  filmdes  d  nouveau  de  fapon  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmd  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqu6  ci-dessous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


26X 


30X 


y 


12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


aire 
details 
ues  du 
t  modifier 
ger  une 
I  filmage 


Th«  copy  filmed  here  hae  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Library 

Trent  University,  Peterborough 

The  imagee  appeering  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  originel  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


L'exemplaire  filmi  fut  reprodult  grAce  d  la 
ginArositi  de: 

Library 

Trent  University,  Peterborough 

Les  images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  natteti  de  I'exemplaire  filmd,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 


Edes 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  Impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impree- 
sion.  and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  Illustrated  Impression. 


Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimis  sent  filmte  en  commen^ant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  ia 
dernlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  ie  second 
plat,  salon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  filmte  en  commenpant  par  la 
premlAre  page  qui  compcrte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  derniire  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte.  ^ 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  «^>  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  y  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaftra  sur  la 
dernlAre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  ^^-  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN  ". 


re 


Maps,  piates,  charts,  etc..  may  be  filmed  et 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
fiimis  A  des  taux  de  reduction  diffirents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clichd.  il  est  fiimd  d  partir 
de  Tangle  supirieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  n6cessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
lllustrent  la  mithode. 


y  errata 
}d  to 

nt 

ne  pelure, 

ipon  d 


U 


1  2  3 


32X 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

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SMITHSONIAN   INSTITUTION. 

UNITED    STATES    NATIONAL    MUSEUM. 


//.///-       /'^^^/Z^:^ 


^DLES    OF    THE    AMERICAN    ABORIGINES. 


BY 


OTIS    T.   MASON, 

Cniul,,,  „fllir  lhl>iut,„c„l  uf  Ellt>,„U,sy. 


ITH  NOTES  ON  THE  ARTIFICIAL  DEFORMATION  OF  CHILDREN 
AMONG  SAVAGE  AND  CIVILIZED  PEOPLES. 


BY 


Dk.  J.   II.   I'ORTER. 


I 


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WASHINGTON: 

aOVEI{NMi;NT   ruINTING    OFFICR. 

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RADLES    01 


WITH  NOTES  ON 
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From  the  Ri 


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SMITHSONIAN   INSriTUTION. 

UNITED    STATES    NATIONAL    IvIUSEUM. 


fei 


RADLE3    OF    THE    AMERICAN    ABORIGINES. 


BY 


OTIS   T.   MASON, 

Ciiratio  ol  Ihe  Ihpurlmeiit  of  I'.lhnolngy. 


WITH  NOTES  ON  THE  ARTIFICIAL  DEFORMATION  OF  CHILDREN 
AMONG  SAVAGE  AND  CIVILIZED  PEOPLES. 


BY 


Dr.  J.   H.   PORTER. 


f 


Hniin  llic  Report  i>f  tlif  National  Miiscniii,  iSS(,-'S7,  pact's  I'il-J.^s. 


J 


WASHIW^TON: 

QOVEKNMENT    PHINTINO    OFFICE. 
1889. 


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« 


Many 
rei't  Uiiow 
of  its  lite. 

It  is  cdi 
till'  wlioU' 

Niitioiiiii  y 

and  ci'iulli 
south.  A 
in  order  t< 

hctbrniii 
dc'si;;n»'d, 
('oliiiiil)ia  I 
pnlTrtfwf  i 
"TTTiTIi'sT;;' 
Mound  pt't 
occipital  H 
infant  witl 

In  liotli 
in  sonic  so 
abont.     Tl 

(1)  It  is 

(L')  It  is 
to  sleep  cil 

(.'5)  It  is 
the  motlu'i 
dandling  I 
always  nu 
dt'tcrininc( 

*  I  wisli  to 

and  relert'iic 

11.  } 


=;*■■,  .L-^\vi^  '''!*y'ii3P'yi^'i;-)'^"i» 


3F 


1 


I 


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CRAPLKS  or  TIIK  \MKI{1('\N  AROHIfllNKS.* 


Itv  <MI-    I'.   Masun. 


Many  »nu>.stions  in  aiitliiopolityy  depend  lor  tlieir  answer  M|>(»n  a  e<»r- 
reet  knowledj^e  of  tlie  manner  in  wliicli  tlie  eliild  passes  tiie  liist  year 
of  its  life. 

It  is  eoninioniy  lielievrd  tiiat  llic  sliape  of  tiio  head  and,  indeed,  of 
tlie  whole  frame  is  modified  liy  the  «!iinlle.  From  tiiiu'  to  time  tlio 
National  Museum  at  W  iishin;;toii  ii.  eome  into  possession  of'  eradh's 
and  eradie-frames  from  the  farthest  north  of  their  limit  to  t':e  t'arthcst 
south.  A  deseription  of  these  with  accurate  drawinj^s  is  herein  given 
in  order  to  throw  further  light  upon  the  problem. 

Deformation  of  the  head,  as  is  well  iiiiown,  is  hotli  designed  and  un- 
designed, Amoni'Jiif  ('liinuks  inul  otiicr  tribes  near  tlit'inoiitli  of  (12^ 
("olumhia  Itiver  and  northward,  liatleiiing  of  the  iiead  was  intentioiially 
p rilTrtrretf  TrriTTTla fiTiFr  To  Tie  he n-a f I «' r j^lj^yirieTir, 

T'Tidi'sTgiTedTit^iTsTTTi^HiTg  Tsr~l»elie\e(l  to  have  rt'siilted  among  the 
Mound  people  as  well  as  among  our  modern  Indians,  es|ieeially  in  the 
oc'ei|iital  legion,  from  the  eontaet  of  the  soft  and  pliable  head  of  the 
infant  with  the  cradle  board  or  frame,  even  with  the  downy  pillow. 

In  both  Americas  the  majority  of  aliorigiiial  children  were  coiiliiied 
ill  some  sort  of  cradle  from  their  birth  until  they  were  able  to  walk 
about.    The  cradle  during  this  period  .serves  many  i»urposes  : 

(1)  It  is  a  mere  nest  for  the  helpless  infant. 

{'-)  It  is  a  bed  so  constructed  and  manipulated  as  to  enable  the  child 
to  sleep  (fither  in  a  vertical  or  a  horizontal  position. 

(.'{)  It  is  a  vehicle  in  which  the  child  is  to  be  transported,  chietly  on 
the  mother's  ba(;k  by  nieaiisof  a  stra[)  over  the  fou'liead,  but  fretiuently 
dangling  like  a  bundle  at  the  saddle-bow.  This  function,  of  course, 
always  niodilies  the  structure  of  the  cradle,  and,  indeed,  may  have 
determined  its  very  existence  among  nomadic  tribes. 

'  I  wInIi  t"  cx|>re.ss  my  .siiict'ic^  tliiiiiks  to  Dr.  .1.  II.  I'difcr  tor  tin'  valuable  notes 
and  ri'l'erences  wliieli  acc()iii|iaiiy  this  paper.  o.  r.  M. 

II.  Mis.  000,  pt.  2 — -11        ^^.^^^^  itil 


/ 


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V 


J 

/  T 


1^86028 


1(12 


HKI'OKT    Ol'    NATIONAL    MI'SKl'M,   \M1 


(I)  It  is  iiitU't'd  a  craillt',  Id  he  hiiiitf  upon  the  limbs  to  rock,  answer- 
ill),'  litcrallv  to  tlu-  mirsi'iy  rli.viiic  : 

liiM'K  a  livi'  liiiliy  II poll  tlic  ll'i'i*  lop, 
Wliiii  llic  wiliil  lilii«M  IIh'  cl'mllr  will  l(nk, 
When  tin'  Imiii;;Ii  ImikIs  llir  (Tiiillc   will  t;ill, 
l)o\Mi  will  t'oiiii'  Itiiliy,  iiiiil  ci'iiilli',  mill  all. 

('))  It  is  also  a  piay-liousj'  and  liab.v-jiinipcr.  On  many,  lu'arl.v  all, 
.«*po('iiii('ii«  may  be  sei'ii  tiaiijtiiii;,'  objects  to  evoke  the  senses,  (botiests 
by  means  ot"  which  the  little  one  may  exercise  its  le}{.S  besides  other 
conveniences  anticipatory  ol'  the  ciiihrs  needs. 

((»)  The  last  set  of  functions  to  \vhi(!h  the  tVame  is  devoted  are  those 
iclatinjj  to  what  we  nniy  call  the  fjradnation  ot  infancy,  when  the  pap- 
poosc  crawls  out  of  its  chrysalis  little  by  little,  and  then  abandi»ns  it 
aito;i;etlier.  The  child  is  next  seen  standing  jiartly  on  the  mother's 
cincture  and  partly  liaii;;inj,'  to  her  ueck  or  resting  like  a  pijf  in  a  jtoUe 
within  the  folds  of  her  blanket. 

An  exlianstivc  treatment  of  this  subject  would  include  a  careful 
study  of  the  bed  and  especially  of  the  pillow,  in  every  instance,  as  well 
as  of  the  frame,  lint  collectors  have  been  extremely  careless  in  this 
reji.ird.  Very  few  cradles  in  the  National  Museum  are  iccompanied 
with  the  beds  and  pillows.  Were  it  not  that  here  and  there  a  traveler 
or  a  correspondent  had  made  observations  on  the  Jield,  a  hopeless  la 
ciina  would  be  in  our  way.  .Much  remains  to  be  done  exactly  at  this 
l»oiiit.  and  future  investi^iators  must  turn  their  ntteiiiion  to  this  subject 
especially. 

In  this  investifjiition  much  (lei)eiids  upon  the  age  at  which  the  child 
is  placed  in  the  cradle,  the  manner  of  bandayiiiK  and  of  siispeiidiug. 
Also  there  are  a  thousand  old  saws,  superstitions,  times  and  seasons, 
formularies,  rites  and  customs  hovering  around  the  first  year  of  every 
cliild's  life  in  savaj-ery  that  one  should  know,  in  order  to  comprehend 
many  things  attached  to  the  cradle  and  its  uses.  Indeed,  no  one  but 
an  Indian  mother  could  narrate  the  whole  story  in  detail.  Awaiting 
information  from  these  sources,  tve  shall  describe  as  faithfully  as  pos- 
sible the  material  now  stored  in  the  National  Museum. 

The  method  i)ursued  in  this  description  is  that  adopted  in  the  series 
already  begun  in  the  rejmrt  of  1884.  The  design  is  to  apply  the  rules 
aiul  methods  of  natural  history  to  the  inventions  of  mankind.  We  fol- 
low up  the  natural  history  of  each  human  want  or  craving  or  occupa- 
tion separately  with  a  view  to  combining  them  into  a  coini»arative  psy- 
chology as  revealed  in  things, 

Again,  IJastian's  study  of  "great  areas''  finds  a  beautiful  illustiation 
at  this  pohit  in  the  fact  that  the  cradle-board  or  frame  is  the  child  of 
geography  and  of  meteorology.  In  the  fro/en  North  the  Eskimo  mother 
carries  her  infant  in  the  hood  of  her  parka  whenever  it  is  necessary  to 
take  it  abroad.  If  she  used  a  board  or  frame  the  child  would  perish 
with  the  cold.  Indeed,  the  settled  condition  of  the  Eskimo  does  away 
with  the  necessity  of  such  a  device. 


II 


vt 


v"   l'^-.^4ii 


^#-* 


II 


lit 


CKADI.KS    OF   THK.    AMKKK'AN    AUoKUllNKM. 


16a 


It  is  Hoinowhiit  dillliMilt  to  mark  tlir  Hoiitlicrii  limit  of  tlit^  cnKlit'  IVaiiic 
owiii;;  to  lli<>  ^iviit  elevations  in  Mexi(*o  and  middle  America.  The  Na- 
tional Museum  does  not  possess  a  eradle  t'lame  of  any  tiihe  living  south 
ol  the  northern  tier  of  .Me\iean  States  until  we  eross  tluM'(|uator.  The 
most  stuithern  triliosof  Mi>\ieo  from  which  speeimeus  have  eoine,  aru 
the  Pimas,  Vunias,  and  Vaipiis,  it  is  not  here  denied,  however,  that 
tribes  fartluT  south  use  tiiis  device. 

No  attempt  is  here  made  to  exhaust  tlic  study  of  child  life  in  t-iis- 
anery.  All  who  rea«l  this  paper  are  douofl'SH  funnliar  with  the  worU 
of  Dr.  IMoss,  entitled  "  Das  Kind."* 

The  most  exhaustive  analysis  of  the  suiiject  will  be  found  in  the 
treatise  of  Dr.  K.  Pokrooski,  of  Moscow,  published  in  the  fourteenth 
volume  of  the  Transacticns  of  tlw  So«'iety  of  Friends*;'  Natural  Sci- 
ence, Anthroitolojjy,  et(!.  The  work  is  devoted  especial,  '  •  the  differ- 
ent  peoph's  of  Itussia.  The  table  of  contents  is  here  app»  uded  because 
the  volume  is  likely  to  be  overlooked,  and  in  order  to  show  the  ramili- 
cations  of  this  interestiiifi  thenu': 

C'liaptiT  1.  AlttMition  imid  to  llif  iiroti'otioii  mid  (Icvcloiiiiiciit  of  tlif  finliryci,  liiTcditj, 

rtdntioiiH  of  tint  m'xt'H,  ('ondition  of  woiimn,  coiiHiitiKiiiiio  inari'iu^'<-N,  |hiI\>;iuii,v 

and  iiolyandry,  iiiariianc  in  claHsical  aiitiiinity,  fare  tal<i'ii  of  |iri>Knant   woiiicn 

iilMolii;  ancient  and  modern  |)eo]ileH. 

Cliapter  II.  AlMiriion  and  inlaiitieidc:  motives:  NnpeistitioiiH,  feurofiuoimtcrH,  misery, 

etc.;  Je^iMlation  relative  to  al)ortion  and  int'unticidu. 
Cha)iti.T  III.  I'artiiritlon  and  thtt  uondillon  of  the  new  tiorn. 
Cliajiter  iv.  (-'are  relative  to  the  ninliilieal  cord. 
CIniiiter  v.  Dwelling  of  the  infiiut  in  the  family  uf  the  {lareuts. 
Cluiptcr  VI.  Caro  of  the  nkin. 
Chapter  VII.  liathiiiK  ot'infniitH. 

Chapter  viii.  Cohl  hatbr*  and  liaptlHin,  In  Kiir()]ie,  in  Thiliot,  etc. 
Chapter  IX.  DreM.sin^'  of  infantH  among  aneient  peopleH  and  mo''nni  Havagea. 
Chapter  x.   Dres.sinn  of  KiisNian  ehihlren. 
Chapter  XI.   Knaiiieling  (emmaillottunent ). 

Chapter  xii.   Kneadini;  and  reetilieation  of  the  liody  of  the  infant. 
Chapter  XIII.  Artilicial  deformation  of  the  Nkiill,  ancient  niaerocephalx,  deformation 

amonK  iiKxh'rn  peoploH,  cNpccially  in  RnsNia,  CaueaHia,  l'<dand,  Lapland,  etc. 
Cba]>ter  XIV.  Inllnence  of  the  iiifant'H  poHlure  in  iiN  lied  npon  the  deformation  of  the 
occiput,  cnstom  of  hedding  cliildrcn  among  the  Tliraeians,  MacedonianN,  (ier- 
niaiiN,  and  Helgian.s  of  the  Mixtccnth  century,  and  among  thii  modern  ANiatics. 
The  form  of  the  occiput  in  kusHiaim  of  the  Ivonrgans,  from  the  craniological  col- 
loctioiiH  of  Moscow. 
Chapter  XV.  The  cradle  among  difterent  i)eoideH. 
Chapter  xvi.  The  cradles  of  the  RuNsiaiiN. 

Chaptt^r  XVII.  Cradles  among  other  iieoples  of  Ifiissia,  Tsiganis,  Fins,  Kstlis,  Livon- 
ians,  I^aps,  Pedes,  Jews,  Lithuanians,  Tchereinis,  Kashkirs,  Nogai,  .Sarts,  Kirghiz. 
Ivahnuks,  Yakuts,  ISuriatu,  Tunguses,  .Soiotes,  Wogiils,  Samoides,  (tohloi,  Koriaks, 
Kaiucliadalcs,  Caucasian:),  etc. 
Chapter  XVIII.  Met  hods  of  putting  cliildrcn  in  their  lied.s,  of  carrying  them  and  trans- 
porting them,  dependence  (>n  climate,  mode  of  lifo  ;  hearing  them  on  the  arm, 
Itack,  neck,  liead,  liip  ;  in  bags,  paniers,  chests,  skins,  etc. ;  customs  of  the  Chinese, 
Negroes.  Hottentots,  American  Indians,  Kaiuchadales,, Japanese, etc.,  in  this  regard. 

•  Dr.  11.  I'loss.  Das  Kind  in  Urauch  iiiid  Sittc  der  N'iilker.  Antliropologischo  Stu- 
dien.     Leipzig  (1W4),  Griebeii,  '4  vols.,  svo. 


/' 


M 


i 


164 


Uni'OUT    UK    NATIONAL    MUHKITM,   MH7. 


('Illl|lll'l'    \l\.     AlllllSt'lllt-lll    III'  till'  I'llilll    ll^\    till'   IIIIiIId'I'   Ml    KllMNill, 

C)iit|tti>r  XX,  Ari'MNldiiiiiiK  rill  thllil  lo  Hit  iuhI  to  ^o  on  all  I'oiirM. 

C.'litipirr  \\i.  Till'  iipiiKlit  piiNiiiiiii  mill  U'iilkiiit{. 

Cliii|iti'r  \sii.    liii|Mii'iiini'o  III  r I. 

Cliiijili'i'  Will.  .Siii'Klii.^  iMiiiMi^  viu'loiiH  |iiio|ilitH,  iiiu'letit  iiiiil  inndiTii. 

Cliiipti'i'  wiv.  Aiiiiiiit{  tliti  KuHNiiiii»< 

C'liiiph'i'  XXV.  Aiiiiiti^  iitlii'i'  pcoploM  of  UuHHJa. 

CliiipliT  \\\  I.  I'ltliiiir  mill  IliiliiiiiH  III' rliililt'i'ii  :  tiilloo,  ilcpiluHon,  pirrt^iiiK  ttin  nimo, 
till' nnx,  till'  llp'<,  III'  llii' rlirrkN  '  llllti);  iiiiil  ii'iiios  inu;  tin'  ti't'tli,  raNlnitinii,  rii'' 
rlllliriNJiill,  IMkI  MJiiiJliir    llllllilallllll^4  ;   ciilNlM,  Cllilli'Ni'  t'i'i't,  llit(ll'l|i'rlril  IiiiiiIh,  i'Ii>, 

Cliiiptcr  xxvii.  (iaiiit's,  Npoi'ts,  Kiiil  iiiimM'tiii'iits  iiri'lillili'i'ii, 

CTiaptur  xxviii.  Ti'i'iiinu'iit  of  tin-  niiiluillt's  of  ihllilri-n  unions  illlVrrciil'  pi'uploH. 
Popiiliir  rlillil' iiirillciiH'  ill  |{iimnIii,  (ii'niiiiiiv,  Kiijrliinil,  .^wit/fi'liiiiil,  lliiliiiiitiii, 
KiiliiiMrk-',  K'.r^lii/,  ('iiiiraNiiins,  anrii'iil  lliiiiliini,  Ininiiiiis,  rtc. 

Cliaptrr  WIN.  Cull'  rcliitivi'  to  tin'  roipori'iil  ili'Vrlopiiiriit  of  rlillilri'ii  anil  tlir  iiu'mms 
i<iiiplii,\ril  III  toMKlirii  anil  fortify  tliroi  ;  nitIilsIoii  of  rliilihrn,  aNri!tici,siu,  linrsu- 
Miansliip,  pliNHiral  ami  warliki-  traiiiin^  of  rliililri'ii  iiinoii^  niivii^i'm,  (<tc. 

CliaptiT  \\x.  K'oli'  pla.vi>(l  liy  animals  in  tlio  rilinatiiin  of  man— rowM,  ifoaN,  iIo^h, 
slli«  woivrs,  apes,  I'ti'. 

CliaptiT  XXXI.  IMiyNical  I'diiratimi  amiiiiK  tlio  chililrrii  of  KiisHiaii  pi'aNiint.s,  ami  tlm 

roNiilts, 
CTiapttM'  XXXII.  ComliiHioiiH. 


tlli-liil 

'iivfil 


K.-iKIMo   CUADI.KS.* 


Tlio  Il.vpcrbon'aii.s  or  K.skiiiio.s  .skirt  t\n\  ArvVw.  conHt  in  (Jrct'iilaiid, 
Liibnulor.  the  isliuni.s  noi'tli  of  Ciiiiaila,  at  tlii'  iiioutli  oltlit'  .Macknizii'! 
KiviT.  all  armiiitl  Ala.ska  to  .Mount  St.  Klia.s.  (jj^all  i>l  tlicsc  airas  tlu) 
motliQi'  lias  till-  iiiHitl  of  lior  .skin  rolu^  or  ])ari>a  iiiaih'  vriy  lai;;i',  so  n.s 
to  c  ury  tlififin  lit-r  haiu'^  wliicli  iif.stlt's  aioiiml  tlic  iiioliicr's  lu-rk 
siTtiic  Iroiii  tlif  coiir  (I''i;;s.  1  and  'J.)  Tlu'  iioiiic  lilt'  ol"  tlit'  llvpfilio- 
leans  i.s  nioif  priinancnt  in  its  cliaractcr  tiian  tliat  of  IIii' .soiillii'in 
Indians.  Tlitrc  is  provision  made  in  tlu>  lints  of  the  Mskiino  for  any 
bailies  tliat  may  be  present. 

Tlie  Indians  coiitiyiioiis  to  tlie  lOskiiiio  in  Alivska  ivnd  nortlieastern 
Canada  beloiin'  to  tlm  prcat  Tiiiiieaii  or  Atliapascan  stoek.  Tiiey  aro 
called  Kntcliin  in  Alaska,  and  in  tlic  basin  of  tlic  Maeken/ie  Kiver  liavo 
names  cndiii^^  witli  Irnn  or  ticiir,  or  an  eipiivaleiit  voeable.  in  tlu^  Ian- 
•iiiaj;*'  of  the  iliidson  jJay  fiir  liad«'rs  tliey  bear  various  titles,  most  of 

I, yon,  (':ipt.  (i.  1'.  (I'llvatc  .louinal.  i.  i .  ol  rank's  Arctir  Kx.,  I.omlon.  I'^'.'l, 
-vo  ),  IT  marks  i  h.it  llir  Kskiiiio  woniiii  of  ."<ava>{i'  Islaiiils  hail  lar(;t'  liooils  for  tin'  pnr- 
posi'  ot  I'anyinu  lliiir  vouii^;  cliililirii  stark  iiakcil  a;;;iiiisl  tin'  liark  (p.W).  Of  tliii 
Kskimo  in  ^.'riii'ial  In'  saxstlial  tlicy  li.ivi-  "  slight  I  \  liowi'il ''  li'i;s(p.  ;tlH).  Tlii'ir  fi'at- 
iii'c's  ot'  till'  fart'  are  ilivir^itiril  in  an  rxlraoiilinaiy  m;iniirr  ip.  ItO',').  Alioiit  a  sixili 
parr  '  *  •  hail  lii;^!!  Iiomaii  nosi's  (p.  lild).  Kvi'rywln'rc  tin'  hood  answers  tho 
piirpoM-  ol'  a  iliiiil's  I  radlc  (  p.  ;!1.")). 

Kink,  l>r.  Ilciiy  (Iiaiiisli  (ireriiland,  London,  1-77,  I'Jmo)  a.ssi'rts  thit  tin- rxtiT- 
lial  riirvatiiri'  of  thr  Iffjs  is  Mciirijil  amoiif;  Kskimo  wom.'n  of  iniddli'  a^i',  and  that  it 
i.s  dill'  to  till'  nanipnl  jMisition  in  which  thry  sit  on  thr  hd^i-  in  thi'  lint  (p.  I'll ). 

Ili'iiot,  (i.CI'ravi'ls  tlinm;;h  Ihc  Caiiadas,  London,  Ir(l7,  Ito)  drsi'riln'H  tlii'"Lski- 
inanx  "  woini'n  of  Newfoundland  as  having  "  their  capnchiiiH     *     '     *     iiineh  larjjer 


Klorii, 


111  |)li'rnliiK  tliK  tioNi', 
"<i(li,  riiMlnitidii,  cir. 
(Il  lli'rii'il  I In,  I'll', 

l;  ilill'i'i'i'iil    I plt'H. 

t/<>i'litiii|,   Diihiiiitiit, 

tc. 

ilrrri  ikiiil  III)'  iiii'iiiis 

I,  itHciitiulMin,  horse- 

IVIIJJCM,   (<fc. 

— COWH,  ({imtn,  ilonN, 
II  iD'aNiiiilH,  and  the 


St  ill  (trcfiiliiiid, 
r  the  Aliifkoiizio 

'  lIlCSC  illTilS  tll(i 

.fi.V  liir;;c,  so  as 

iiiollur's   lu'cU 

TT  tlic  ll,\  pcrho- 

'(■    tllC  SOIltlM'lll 

vskiiiio  for  any 

<1  iiortlu'itsteni 
ork.  They  are 
zif  Ifivcr  liavo 
*'.  Ill  tlio  Ian- 
<  titles,  most  of 

\.,    I loll,   l-i-Jt, 

liiioils  for  the  |(iir- 

l<  d*.-.'!!).      •>(•  1 1,0 

;!!-).     'lliiMitVat- 
').     AliiMii  a  sixth 

lllHIll    ailHWiTS    till) 

s  ti;.it   tlif  cxtcf- 
<•  a;{r,  ami  that  it 
'  lint  1  p.  l.M). 
crilu'H  tilt'  "  Eski- 
*     iiiiK'li  larger 


CKADI-KS    OK    nn;    AMKKICAN    AlinKKJINKS. 


IbT) 


tliciii  ti'i'iiiH  of  (It'tisiuii.*    'lite  classiiUMtioit  ut'  tlic  Tiiiiit-  of  Ahitika  i.s 
•fiwu  by  Da II. 


Kit;.  I 

EoKlMi!  Woman  <>v  Vn\fi   llAiiiiow. 
CAKIlVIMi  ( mill. 


Eskimo  Woman  "V  I'msi  lUmio 

I'AllllVINct  NI.I'I.I'INII  I  llll.li. 
.1         II— 


iKr.Mul l..,r.il.l..'  ■  '■  iPPIlin  |IUl'«'.l-N 

Till'  TiiiiM'an  Iriltcs  use  sonic  sort  of  <lt'\  ice   in  wliirli  to  lasli  tln-ir 


cliililnn  tliiriii;j   tin*   liisr  yrar.     <hi(>  slidiild   cxiu'ct,  liowrxcr,  to  HimI 
tlifsc  iii'limis  also  i'o|>viii^f  llir  Ivskinio  ri.iille  liooil.  t     Slra<'lian  .loiu-s, 


i__i_  ^  

iliaij    ilioic  o;    till'  iiH'ii,  "  in  oiiliT  to  I'dvcr  tliflr  c'liililrt'ii 

.';t). 


t')\vai(l>  llirif  nIioiiIiIi'I 

wlu'ii  llicv  w  IhIi  locaiiN   llii'iiioii  llii'ir  liarks  "  ( 

KiMiikliii,  ('apt.  .1.  (  NanatiM' of  Sfioiiil  I'.xpiilii  ion,  Loiidoii.  !■'•,'"',  Ito);  Tlic  Haiiic 

kiiiil  of  hood,  for  thi'  Haiiic  piirposii  as   that  ai ;;  ilif  l.oinlicux,  wan  hoimi  in  nm- 

aiiioM>;  till'  Hnklliio  woiiii'ii  ii -ar  tlii'  iiioiilli  of  the  Markrii/ic,  on  the  Arctic  count  i  p. 

■  Contiil'iitioiiH  III  N.  A.  Iltlinojo^v.  Iliif.  l';ilinolo;,'y,  i,  "Jl  ;  al-io  Tlif  ^'ativc  Triliivs 
of  Alaska.  A.  A.  A.  S.,  Ann  Ailior,  l^,-l.". 

I  Cradles  (Dixon'n  \o\a;;c,  p.  •Jll'.i):  It  minlit  he  iina;;inrcl  that  the  thihiicn  of 
tbi-M*  Hiivu^cH  would  oiijo.v  the  free  and  luiieHtraiiied  use  of  their  liiiilis  from  tlieir 
earliest  iiifancv.  'I'lii s  Im^vever.  is  not  altojjelher  the  ease.  'I'hree  piei'<'sof  hark  are 
fastened  together,  no  as  to  foiin  a  kind  of  ehair.  The  infant,  after  lieinj;  wrapped  in 
furs,  is  put   into  this  iliair,  and  lashed  so  close  that  it  can  not  alter  its  posti  '.m'Ii 

with  slriij;nlini;,  and  the  chair  is  .so  contrived  that  when  a  mother  wants  to  fe  1  her 
child,  or  ^i^e  it  t)ie  lireast,  (hero  is  no  ocasioii  to  release  it  from  its  sliaekles.  Soft 
moss  is  used  li\  the  Indian  nurse  to  kiep  her  child  (lean  ;  hi'l  little  rc;rard  is  paid  to 
this  article,  and  tin.'  poor  infants  areolten  terrildv  exccn  iate<l ;  nay.  I  have  frei|nently 
seen  hoys  of  six  or  Hcveii  years  old  whose  posteriors  !  ive  home  evident  maiksof  this 
neglect  in  their  intaiiey. 

i-'raiikliii,  (.'apt.  ,1.  (Narrative  tif  .^second  I.  ■  ition,  London,  lf'JH,4to):  The  hood 
of  the  dress  aiiionj;  the  Lower  Loindieiix  woim  ,i  is  •'  made  sulUcieiilly  w  iih'  to  admit 
of  tlieir  carrying;  a  ehiiti  on  tlieir  hack"  (p.  'J-*). 


Hj6 


RKFORT   OF    NATlOyAL    MUSKUM,  1887. 


Kifr.  :i. 


ill  his  Notes  Oil  tli'  Tiiiiu"'  or  Chippi-wyaii  Iiidiiiiis,  -xivos  tho  (igtiri'  of 
an  infiint  sittinjr  on  a  diniinntive  *' bodsteatl,'' having  a  soft  fnr  scat. 
The  body  of  tlu'  cliihl  is  bandaged  to  tlie  liigh  bacii  of  the  seat.     (Tig.  3.) 

Tlie  same  observation  Just  made  eoncerning  the 
Ivsliinio  is  tine  of  tlie  Indians  on  the  Upper  Viikoii. 
Dr.  Da  II  informs  me  tliat  their  homes  are  permanent, 
and  that  tiieie  tlieiefore  is  no  need  of  tlie  eradle- 
fraiiie.  The  infant,  if  laslicd  at  all,  is  fastened  in  a 
kind  of  eoal  scuttle  siiaped  <Madle,  and  at  night 
sleeps  in  a  hammock  or  on  the  banquette. 

K.  W.  Nelson  has  sent  t(»  the  Smithsonian  Insti- 
ciiiiTKwvA.N  ciiii.i.FiiAMK.    tnt ioii, aiiioiig  tlic  many  (honsiiiidsofspccimeiiscol- 
ii>  Mr(„i,.in.i..i.i-,.i  leeU'd  thronglioiit  the  entire  western  i'iSkiiiH*  area, 

the  model  i)f  a  trough-shaped  cradle  ot  birch  bark,  made  from  three 
l)ieees,  forming,  respectively,  the  bottom,  the  top  and  hood,  and  the 
awning.  (Fig.  4.)  The  two  pieces  forming  the  bottom  and  the  hood 
overlap  an  inc.li  and  a  half,  and  are  sewed  together  with  a  single 
basting  of  i>iiie  root,  with  stitches  half  an  inch  long.     Aroiiml  the  bor- 

IHV  bi  Di  KicliMnlMiirs  iiiiirritivt'  ol' liis  i'x|n'(iil  ion  <;ist  ward  fmni  'lie  iiieiitli  ol'tiii" 
Maikciizic,  lu>  sjx'uks  ot'  coaNt  Mskiiiui  wmiifii  who  "  draw  tlicir  cliildroii  otil  ol" 
tlicir  wide  hoots,  where  tlit'y  uro  acciistoiiit'd  to  carry  them  naked''  (i,  p.  "J'Jli). 
Franklin,  I'arry,  IJai'k,  RichurdHdii,  anil  the  more  modern  explorers,  sjieak  of  the  llat 
nose  of  the  Kskinio.  A^  in  Oeeaiiiea  this  may  he  the  result  ot"  compression,  since  ,Sir 
.John  Koss  I  N'oya^e  to  Hallin's  bay,  bonilon,  l-Il',  Ito)  found  "small  slrai;;ht  "  noses 
and  '•  lar){e  a<iuiline''  noses  ann)n;;  the  Arctic  Ilifjlihinders  of  I'rince  Kejjent's  Hay 
(pp.l'Jfi,  127). 

Holmher^;  says  of  tlie  Konia^as  (  KskimosV  that  thi'  iiosterior  jiart  of  the  heail  is 
"not  arched,  hnt  tlal."  The  description  of  their  Inits  and  sleepin;;  places  sn).;^esls 
that  this  nniy  he  the  etfect  <d'  hard  pillows  or  head-rests  iiii  an  incomplelcly  ossitied 
sknll.   (  Hancrofi,  Nat.  K'aces  of  I'aciiic  Slates,  vol.i,  p.  7ri.) 

Ledyard,  who  accompanied  the  expedition  of  Captain  ('oid<  to  tin  North  I'acilie, 
noticed  the  howed  lejisof  the  Ah'nts,  and  attrilmtc(l  it  to  their  position  in  the  Iioats, 
in  which  they  spt'iid  so  mnch  nf  their  lime.  (  Haiicrot't,  Nat.  liaces  of  Pacific  States, 
vol.  I,  p.  88.) 

Hall.  C  F.  (Life  with  the  I'.skimo,  London.  l~t!l,  l','mo)  :  Fae-simile  of  an  Ks- 
kiino  wood -cut  showini;  mother  a'lid  child,  with  position  of  laltei  in  hood  (  vid.  I,  p. 
W,\).  I'hite  of  ihild  in  what  he  calls  (p.  ',IH,  \ol,  i)  ••the  hahy  pouch  "  (vol.  i,  p, 
1,")1)).  "  The  infant  is  carried  naked  in  I  lit  nndher's  hooil,  yet  in  close  contact  with  the 
parent's  skin  "  (vol.  i,  p.  ls;i).  Compression  (d'  head  (vol.  ii,  p.  :!l;i).  This  is  lateral, 
made  hy  the  hands,  ami  hy  a  skin  cap.  Hnt  no  cap  could  exert  lateral  pressure,  and 
the  words  "  a  little  skin  (!ap  ]daeed  lij^htly  over  the  compressed  head,  w  Inch  is  to  he 
kept  there  one  year"  (vol.  ii,  p.  ^IL!),  may  not  eonvi'v   this  idea. 

Hcarne.  .Samuel,  in  the  inirrative  of  his  journey  from  Friiice  id"  Wah's  l"(Ul,  in  lliid- 
soii  r>ay,  to  till'  Northern  Ocean  (l..ondon,  17',>.")).  iul'orms  iis  that  no  cradles  are  in  use 
anion};  the  northern  Indian  triheshet  ween  alt  aiidii-  noith.  Ilesaysthal  the  major- 
ity of  the  children  are  how-le<;<feil  from  tlie  w.iy  in  \,hich  thry  are  carried. 

PortlocU,  in  his  Voya;;e  IJound  the  World  ( London,  I  <"^'.M.  niiiUes  oh.servalions  on 
the  general  distortion  of  the  leij;s  .imon;;  bidians  ol  Prince  Wilhaiu's  Sound  (  p. ■,'!"• ). 

Kerr,  Rohert  (Collection  of  Voyai^es  and  Travels,  London.  l-'.M,  "^vo  vol.  xvi  i  : 
In  Cook's  description  of  the  nativesof  Nootka  Sound,  the  same  distortion  of  le;,'s,  froiii 
position  ill  canoe,  is  noticed  as  has  heeii  hefore  referred  to.     (  I'iil.  notes,  imsniiu,  p. 


1887. 


CKADLKS    OF    TIIH    AMERICAN    AHORiaiNKS. 


■167 


,  ^ivcs  tlio  figure  of 
ving  a  soft  fur  srat. 
of  tlio.si'a;.  (Fi<;-. ;{.) 
made  i'oiiccriiiiijj  the 
II  the  li|ipfr  Viikoii. 
loiiiesareperiiiaiieiit, 
)  need  of  the  cradle- 
it  all,  is  fastened  in  a 
radle,  and  at  ni<;ht 
'  liaiKjiiette. 
e  Sinitlisonian  Insti- 
lids  of  specimens  col- 
csterii  Ivskiiiio  area, 
k,  made  from  three 
i  and  hood,  and  the 
ottoni  and  the  hood 
ether  witli  a  sin;;Ie 
}!.     Aidiind  tlie  bor- 

11(1  tViiin  'lie  iiiiintli  ot'tiie 
w    their  tliildreii  out  iif 

I'lii  naked''  (i,   p.  '.i'iii). 

|>lin'erN,  siieak  of  the  Hat 

111'  coiiiiiressioii,  since  Sir 
"small  Niraij;ht  "  imses 
ot"  I'riiice  Kefient"s  Hay 

I'riof  ])ait  iif  the  hea<l  is 
slee|iiiif;  places  sii^j^esls 
an  incinnpleteiy  os^sitied 

icil<  til  till  North  I'aciiic, 

'ir  |p(islti(in  in  tin'  Imats, 

Races  ot'  I'aciiic  States, 

)  :  Kac-siniile  of  an  I'.s- 
lattei  in  hood  (  vol.  i,  p. 
lahy  poMch  "  (vol.  I,  p. 
In  close  contact  with  the 
p.  lilH).  This  is  lateral, 
•rl  lati'i'al  pressure,  and 
si'd  he.iil,  which  in  to  ho 

ea. 

e  ot'Wales  I'orl,  in  llinl- 
nit  no  cradles  an'  in  use 
lie  says  that  the  niajiu- 
•y  ale  carried. 
.  makes  iiliscrval ions  on 
'illiam's  isoniid  {  p.  '■i\-y 
n.  Hi  I,  Mvo  vol.  XVI  >  : 
'  distortion  of  lc;;s,  fnmi 
{  I'iil.  notes,  paxKim,  \i. 


der  of  tlic  body  and  just  under  tiie  margin,  continuing  around  tfieTiiTF-" 
der  of  the  hood  and  awning,  lies  a  rod  ol  osier.  A  stri|)  of  birch  bark 
laid  on  the  upper  and  inner  side  of  the  margin  serves  as  a  stitfcner.  It 
is  sewed  down  by  an  ingenious  liast- 
iiig,  with  stitcthes  an  inch  or  niDre 
long,  which  pass  dttwii  through  the 
two  thicknesses  of  birch  bark, 
iiroiind  the  osier  twig  that  lies  Just 
below  the  margin,  and  ii[)  again 
through  the  two  thicknesses  of  Itirch 
bark  by  another  oiiening,  to  com- 
mence the  next  stilcii.  Tiie  hood  is 
formed  by  puckering  the  birch  bark 
after  the  manner  of  a  grocer's  bag. 
The  bordering  osier  is  neatly  sewed 
to  the  edge  of  the  hood  and  awning 
by  a  coil  of  .split  spru(!0  root.  l\ows 
of  beads  of  many  colors  adorn  the 
awning  jdece.  In  a  country  iiitol- 
eralile  by  reason  of  mostiuitoes  it  is 
not  strange  that  i>rovision  for  sus- 
taining some  .sort  of  netting  should 
have  been  devised.  I'laytliings  of 
\  arious  kinds  are  also  hung  to  this 
awi\i!ig  for  the  hands  and  eyes  and 
cars  of  the  infant  occupant,  and  it 
is  (piite  sure  that  this  bow  lU'  iioud 
saves  the  face  of  the  child  many 
hurtful  blows  from  a  fall.* 


FiL'.  4. 

I'.MiCM  llAUK   CUMH.I-,   I  liOM    VlKON    IllVrU, 

.\L.ASK.\. 

I'.l.  Nr    TOls.-,,   [-,  S    N,   M         N..r|,.iiS.i I.       C.ll,-,  f,l 


N,   M         N..r|,.ii  f 


•.>:!•.*.)  (  Voya;;es.  etc.).  raptain  Kiiii;  slates  (hat  he  oliserved  the  custom  of  carryinf; 
children  ill  the  hood  amoiiK  the  Cliiickcliees  ol'the  east  coast  (x\-|,:!(il.  note).  On  the 
other  coast  Captain  Cook  remarked  of  the  dresses  at  i'rinee  William's  Sound  that 
"some  "only  had  hoods  (\\i.  'J-lM. 

'1.0110,  . I.  (Voyages  and  'I'ra  .  els  id' an  Indi.'in  !nler|ii(ii'i-,  London.  ITlM.  Ilo^:  lie 
descrilics  the  cradle  of  the  Chippew.-is,  who  ran^n'  north  to  the  .\retie  Circle  :  descriln'S 
also  the  positiim  and  mode  of  cariyinn-  thecliild.  and  ils  swalhinij:  statesthat  liefore 
the  I'rench  occupation  of  Can.iil.i  there  were  no  swathin^js  in  use,  I'ailiu;;  nialerial  for 
thein(pp  tic.f'd).  Meforc  the  I'leuch  period  the  cradle  was  "a  trounh  liUed  with  dry 
rotten -wood  dust."  in  whicdi  the  liahy.  -'coveied  '.villi  furs."  was  -  kept  until  weamd" 
I  p.  ."d).     The  he.-id  of  the  elrld  in  the  ( 'hipiiewa  iiadle  is  protected  liy  a  liooii  i  p.  lid'. 

Hack.  Captain(N','iir,'itive  of  .\ictic  I. and  lAp.dilion,  I'hilidelphia.  l-Hf., -\  o  i ;  On 
I  he  shore  of  Great  Slave  Lake  he  saw  iufanls  "  swaddled  ami  una  hie  to  stir." 

Han 's  .lourii;  1.     ('I'll.'  title  pa^r,.  of  this  wmk  is  lost.     Harmon's  expedition  was 

made  ill  1-^1)0,  .1  .,  under  the  auspices  of  the  Northwest  Company,  he  lra\<lr(l 
through  the  same  c.mntry  as  Maekeii/ic.)  Speakiii;;-  id'  the  Sauteiix.  Crccs,  Assiui- 
lioiiies,  Rapid  Indians,  Itlaekfeel.  liloods,  Sussccs,  Caiitonies.  Muskapus.  Chipeways. 
Heavers,  Si<'annics,  Ta-cnllias,  Ate-nas,  and  NiUe-oti'-tains,  he  says  that  they  all  use 
the  cradle-hoard  (p.  ;!H1).  Ilarimni  thii'i  descrihes  the  cradle-hoard  of  tlu'  Indi.iiis  of 
Hritish  America  :  "All  Indian  children,  when  yoiiUL,',  .ire  laee.l  in  a  kind  ol' lia;;    '    '    ' 


^.•1 


i(;8 


REPORT   OF    NATIONAL    MUSEUM,  1887. 


Ross,  in  (lescril)iiiji;-  tlic  Eastern  Tinneb,  says:*  ^'Among  the  Eastorn 
Tiiiiit"'li,  iniiiu'diatt'ly  iit'tcr  biitli,  Mitlioiit  wasliint;',  tlie  iutiiiit  bj  laid 
uaki'd  on  a  layer  of  moss  in  a  ha^'  made  of  loatlior,  and  lined  with  liarc- 

simTs.     It_it    i)c  suninicr  tlic  lattt'r  arc  disptMisod  witli; ^Tlj^is  bag  is 

tlK-n  sccnrely  la^-t'd.  restraTniiiti^tno  limi)s  in  natnral  jmsitions,  and 
Icav  inn  till'  cliild  I'recdoni  to  u\o\y  tlic  liead  on13%  Tn  tliis  jiiiasc  of  its 
existence  it  TcsonifiTt's  strongly  an  Egyptian  nuunniy.''  Cradles  are 
never  nsed;  but  this  machine,  called  a  ^Mnoss  bag,''  is  an  excellent  ad- 
jnnet  to  the  rearing  of  children  "lii>  to  a  certain  age,  and  has  become 
almost  if  not  universally  ado|)ted  in  llie  lannlics  of  the  Hudson  Hay 
<  'omi>aiiy's  cmployt's.  The  natixcs  retain  the  use  of  the  bag  to  a  late 
peiicMl,  say  until  the  child  passes  a  year,  during  which  time  it  is  never 
taUen  out  except  to  change  the  moss.  To  this  ])racti('e,  continued  to 
sncTrjiii  a^'c.  1  attribute  the  turned  toes  and  rather  crooked  leirs  of 
many  of  these  Indians,  (mic  is  somewhat  reminded  by  this  jn'ocess  of 
'he  lOsUJnio  sleeping-bag.  In  the  National  collection  are  seveial  small 
bags  of  the  same  ])attern,  l)ut  the  label  does  not  authorize  the  conclusion 
that  these  small  bags  were  used  as  cradles  for  infants. 

Horderiiig  the  Hskimoin  the  Labrador  Peninsula  live  the  Nasko]>i  or 
ScoHies,  in  latitude  as  far  north  as  .")3  degrees.  Ijucien  Turner  spent  two 
years  among  them,  ami  has  collected  much  ju'ecious  inftu  imition.  He  (ells 
us  that  when  the  Naskopi  child  is  boin  it  is  not  washed  or  allowed  to 

inadi' i)f  M  pit'ci' (iC  IcatliiT.  '  '  '  Sii.m' hkiss  is  ImhI  in  tlif  ImiIIoiii  cil"  tliis  ll,•l^.  llic 
(hiM  is  liiiil  into  it,  ami  moss  is  iiisi'ilcd  lictwi'cn  its  li-as.  'i'lic  \);iji  is  tlnu  hiccil  In 
till'  I'oTi'  siili'  of  llif  ihilil  MS  liijili  as  its  iii'ck.  Tiiis  baj^  is  laiil  n|Miii  a  linanl.  t<i  vvliicli 
it  is  fasftiird  liv  iiiraiis  111  a  >!  rip  cil'  Iralln-i"  (p.  :il()i.  l-'tirtlicr  (l<'tails  ()l'ariaiij;i'iiii'iil' 
tiniaiiiciitatioii.  aiiil  mifs'iij;  (pp,  :>li'i,  'M'). 

Mai'krii/jc.  Sir  A.  (Voyajirs  IVoiii  Montreal  to  tin'  I'ro/in  and  I'aiillr  Oceans.  Lon- 
don, l-oi.ltdi:  Dcsciiptivi' oC  the  "nw  ad<lline;-lioaiil"  nsc'd  liv  I  he  lieasei-  Indians 
(p.  ll'.t.. 

N.  Ii.  -This  lioaid.  aliont  vJ  feet  hnii;.  eovered  with  a  lied  ot'  riniss.  to  uhiidi  it  ithe 
eliild  is  t'asti>ned  hv  liandaui's  ''was  in  nse  in  a  snb-ai'ctic  elinnite"!  Kcmallv  op- 
posid  to  lleaiiie"s  statement  eoinei  iiini;  the  al)sen<i' of  eiiulles  in  these  reji;ions  is 
Maei»eii/ir's  t'nil  deseri]it  ion  ol'  a  hoaiil  eiadle  "in  w  hnh  the  child,  all  if  it  had  liceii 
swathed,  is  placed  on  a  lied  of  nmss."  Held  coinpies.sion  placlieed  iieie.  /.  (..  near 
Noitliwest  coast:  trihe  not  nanied  (p.  :i71  i.  It  is  to  lie  rennirked  that  Mackenzie 
speak.s  of  this  last  as  a  •'  (cic  kiml  i>f  iraillv."  tin)  inl'eience  hein;;  thai  the  lieaver 
"  s\\  addliny-lioai'ii  "  was  used  li\  the  ( 'hi|ipewa.  Knisieneanx,  Assinihiiines.  etc. 

I'll/  William  ^Noithuest  I'assafie  li\'  Land,  p,  '"^.'i  i  say.s  that  Ihe  ciadle  is  ''a  Imaid 
with  I  «o  si  lie  Maps  of  cloth,  which  lace  to;;clhef  np  Ihe  cenlef.  The  (hi  Id  is  laiil  on 
Us  liiick  on  the  lio.'ird,  paidvcd  with  soft  moss,  and  lai'id  liiinlv  down  with  its  arms  In 
its  sides,  and  onl\  tlic  head  at  liherly.  The  cradle  is  sin nj;  on  Ihe  hack  of  the  molliei 
when  tiavelin;;.  or  reared  a;;ains|  a  tree  when  icslinj;  in  camp,  the  child  lieinj;  iinl\ 
oil  asionally  icleascil  from  liondafje  for  a  tew  nnnnents.  The  little  prisoners  are  re- 
mai  k;ilil>'  ;;(i(id  :  im  sipiallini;  dislnrlics  an  I  ndiaii  c;imp." 

Whyniper  (.Maska,  ji,  ■Jvilh;  "The  Ten,in  Knichin  (Tiniieh)  chihlren  are  carried 
in  small  chairs  made  of  hiich  hark,"  liichardsun  i, journal  I,  lls|)  iriakes  tim  saiiU' 
statement,  Itaneroft  (Nat,  i'aees,  etc,  I,  l.'A)  says:  "The  woimii  c.irry  their  infants 
in  a  soil  of  liark  saihllc.  tastineil  to  the  hack:  they  liamla;;e  their  feet  in  order  to 
make  them  small." 

'Smithsonian  I'c|Miri,  lsi.")i;,  p.  ;!(i'.). 


take 

the  it 

prepi 

Unify 

wrajt 

and  V 

far  a^ 

the  a 

limbs 

grow 

when 

into 

ijiiau 

until 

wonu 

l-i; 
r.retd 


civili 
remit 
blan! 
whit( 
ion  o 
Oil 
shan 
Nutli 


M,   1887. 

*  "Aiuoiig  tlic  Eastern 
iiiy,  the  iiif'aiit  is  laid 
IT,  ami  lined  with  hare- 
;ed  witli.__Tliis  bag  is 
natural  i)ositi()iis,  ami 
y.  Ill  tliis  i)liase  of  its 
nuimn\.'"  (."radles  are 
iif^'  is  an  ex(!ellent  ad- 
a  aye,  and  lias  heooiiie 
es  (if  the  Iludsoii  l^a.y 
se  of  the  baf;'  to  a  late 
;■  wliieh  time  it  is  never 


l)raetiee,  eoiitinued  to 
ratiier  crooked  h-f-fs  of 
ided  hy  this  jiroecss  of 
ctioii  are  several  small 
uthorize  the  eoneliiHion 

ifllMtS. 

nla  live  the  Niiskojii  or 
neieii  Turner  sju'iit  two 
s  iMformation.  He  tells 
t  washed  or  allowed  to 

t  !ii'  liolloiii  of  tilis  li;i^.  I  III' 
I.  'I'lic  lia;t  is  tlicii  Jnccd  In 
Mill  M|Miri  a  liiiiinl.  to  wlilcli 
licriliiaiN  (iranaii^i'iiu'iil- 

II  anil  I'Mi'iCic  (Icraiis,  Lnn- 
sid  liy  till'  Ht'avri'   Iiidlaiis 

of  lllos>.  Ill  wliicll  it  1  tlir 
tk'  rliiiialc"!  i;(iMall.v  (i|i- 
iraillrs  iij  tlii'M'  ri'fiiiiiis  is 
III'  <  iiilii.  aflrr  it  liail  ln'in 
prailicril  iicic,  I.  I ..  near 
it'iiiarkcil  tliat  Maikin/ii' 
ICO  lii'iliji  thai  llir  I!ia\(f 
lll\,  A.ssiiiiliiiiiics.  clc. 
lal  t  III'  irailli'  is  "  a  linaril 
nln.  'I'lic  cliiltl  is  laiil  nii 
iiil.v  ilnu  n  with  its  anus  in 

(111  tllr  liaiU  111'  tllc  lllolluT 
aiii|i.  till'  chilli  liriiiir  imlv 
I'hr  little  lu'isniicrs  aft'  n- 

iiiirh  ;  rhililrcii  all'  carrii'd 
il  I.  ii>  I  )  makes  the  saiiie 
w  niiiiii  eai'iy  their  infants 

a^e   their   I'eet   ill  order  to 


CKADLKS    OF    Till':    AMERICAN    ABOKIGIXK.S. 


I(i9 


take  the  breast  until  three <la.vs  have  elapsed;  it  is  considered  to  weaken 
the  infant  if  i>ermitted  to  takt!  the  bretist  before  that  time.  The  mnther 
prepares  sidiiisiiuin  moss  by  beatinj;'  it  until  it  becomes  (piite  soft  and 
IliilVy.  A  portion  of  this  moss  is  placed  about  the  child,  and  it  is  then 
wrajiped  in  clotiies  or  skins.  The  swiKhllinj;'  i»rocess  beyins  at  the  feet 
and  wraps  the  lower  limbs  (dose  together;  the  trunk  is  alsoswiithed  as 
far  as  the  neck,  until  the  child  resembles  a  cocoon.  At  earliest  infancy 
the  arms  iire  wrai»pe<l  next  the  body,  but  when  severtil  months  old  those 
limbs  iire  free,  except  ;it  iiij;ht.  The  reason  of  this  is  to  nmke  them 
jrrow  straifiht  iind  iitford  the  mother  convenience  in  handlin.:;  them 
when  on  ii  Journey,  or  to  prevent  them  from  rolling;'  abosit  the  tent  and 
into  the  tire.  The  bandaj;es  are  removed  once  a  tlay  and  ti  clean 
(|iiantity  of  moss  supplied.  Wtiter  is  never  j;iven  to  the  child  to  drink 
until  it  is  old  cMioiioh  to  help  itself — an  occasion  of  remark  amouf^  tke 
women — for  it  marks  an  event  in  the  infant's  life. 

Fij^ure  .■»  is  from  a  sketch  in  the  Century  .Mai^iiziiie,  taken  at  Ciipe 
liietou,  and  yives  us  tin  excellent  exiimple  of  the  combinations  which 


I'-iu.  .■'. 
Ciinii  IX  IIa.mmihk     ('All.  llia;|nN, 

1  Kr -k'-l' Il  111  I'l'iti'iv  Mitijnziii'   I 

civiliziition  entails.  The  wi}>'wain  is  lo  the  iiiaiiiicf  born,  the  hammock 
reminds  one  of  the  far  south,  while  the  baby,  eiiscuuccd  in  t'lir  and 
blankets,  without  ,\  pretense  of  lashini;,  itoiiits  to  I'^skiiuo  its  well  as 
white  man's  methods.  Dr.  Dall's  remark  tibout  the  Alaska  Indian  fash 
ion  of  the  hammock  may  be  recalled  here. 

On  the  Pacilic  side  of  the  Kocky  .Moiintitiiis  ajipear  in  turn  the  Kolo 
shall,  tlie  Ilaidaii,  llaillziiKaii  ((i>iiackiooI),  Salishaii,  Wakaslian,  or 
Nutkan  stock.     All  of  these  people  are  more  f)T  less  the  slaves  in  all 


ri 


^ 


170 


liKI'ORT    OK    NATIONAL    .MUSEUM,  1887. 


I< 


tlicir  arts  to  the  spleudid  forests  of  pine  and  cedar  wliicli  cover  tlieir 
lands,  'riie  IJdladioolaor  llilUlmlii  belong'  to  tbe  threat  Salislian  stoclv. 
Tlieir  home  is  in  tlie  vicinity  of  IJentincIc  Arm.  Tlie  cradle  of  this  ]»eo- 
j^\  fdtjtt£\^  i>le  is  probably  a  fair  sample  of  that  nsed  by  the  stocks  north  and  south 
of  the  Bilkhnlas  (Fij;.  0).  It  is  a  tronsh  shaped  frame  of  cedar  wood 
imtde  in  two  pieces,  as  follows:  The  bottom  and  head-board  are  in  one 
piece  about  one-half  or  three-tjuarters  inch  thick.  The  two  sides  and 
foot  are  also  in  one  piece.  The  aujj^les  anirthe  bends  near  the  child's 
knees  are  elfccted  by  scarfing'  the  \yood  almost  through  on  the  inside 
aud_boilin«i:  and  bending  it  into  shape.     In  tliis  art  these  Indians  are 


very  expert,  making  great  numbers  ot  boxes  for  food  and  clothing,  wim 


Fill.  7. 


I)L(iOI  1   CUADl.E.    WITH    III' AH  11.  \  ITHM.Sc^ 
AirAHAllK. 


(C»t.  N.>.  'i'.in  11,  r. 


.    v.    M.      1  Inn 


C.ll.it.'il  l.y 


joiMts  invisible  on  tlic  outside.  The  Joints  of  this  cradle  are  united  by 
iiicaiis  of  small  withes  of  willow.  Thecliaiacterislic~iiiarl<s  ari^  a  liiTt 
bottom ;,  head-board,  like  a  little  grave-stone,  painted  in  n'TT  and  Dlacl; 
with  conventional  symUoTot  a  totem.  Twio  streaks  of  red  paint  skirt 
the  upi)er  margin  of  the  sides.  The  cliange  in  the  angle  of  convergence 
of  the  sides  near  the  child  is  etfected  by  scailing  and  bending.  The 
bed  consists  of  a  mass  of  tiiiely  shredded  (!<'dar  bark.  This  is  overlaid 
with  some  kind  of  sheet  ot  elotli  or  tnr,  and  the  la.sjiiiig  jiasses  through 


I-1-" 


''^mS: 


M,  1887. 

odiir  which  oover  their 

c  {^rciit  Salislian  atliiJ^'- 

The  (tradio  of  this  ]>t'o- 

stociis  north  and  sotitli 

d  frame  of  cedar  wood 

heail-board  are  in  one 

sk.    The  two  widea  and 

bends  near  tlie  child's 

tlironfjli  on  tlie  inside 


s  ar 


FIT 


lese 


Indii 


ins  are 


food  and  clothing,  wim 


,    Willi    lIl'AllH.UIKMN.. 
VIIAllAil  S. 


M       1  li. 


>.k   lii.ljiiiii.     |-.,!|,.,t,'.l  l>y 


is  cradle  are  united  l»y 
•ristie^naiks  aie  a  IhTt 


linted  in  red  and  hiack 
't-aks  of  red  naint  skirt 
le  aiifile  of  eonveifvenee 
njj  and  ltendin<j.  The 
hark.  This  is^merlaid 
lashing  jjasses  throngh 


CRADLES    OK    THK    AMKKICAN    ABORIGINES. 


171 


Iioles  in  Hapaof  raw-hido,  in  place  of  the  acriejs  of  eyelet  loops  occurring 
( ) 1 1" emilcs  farther  sonth. 

Tn  the  commencement  of  this  article  two  kinds  of  deformation  were 
mentioned,  thedesigned  and  the  undesigned.  Thetirstinentioned  method 
is  found  in  British  Columbia,  on  its  western  border,  and  in  our  domain 
along  the  coast  of  Washin^^ton^iind  Ortigmj-  On  the  extreme  north- 
west corner  of  Washington  live  the  Makahs,  a  people  associated  with 
the  Ahts  on  Viincouver  Island,  and  belonging  to  the  Nutkan  or  Waka- 
slianjstock.  Living  iistheyHo  in  the  great  cedar  region,  their  cradle 
would  naturally  be  similar  to  those  of  the  Indians  living  farther  north. 

It  is  a  trough  rudely  hewed  out  of  cedar  wood.  ( fig.  7.)  A  low  bridge 
IS  left  across  the  trough  to  strengthen  it.  Slats  are  i)ut  across  to  level 
of  height  of  bridge.  The  bedding  consists  of  n)ats  of  cedar  bark.  On 
the  lower  end  of  the  cradle  is  a  handle.     Around  the  sides  are  fastened 


I 


stiTilgs.     The  comi)res8  Islastened  TTThead  of  cradle.     It  curves  over_ 
and  is  tightened  J)y  .liujiins  of  cords  to  the  sidi;a.o£_JUie^!r{uile,    It  is 
woven  ofy  and  stuffed  tightly  with,  cedar  bark.    These  cradles  aresus- 
l)en(Ied  by  strings  to  pliant  ])oles,  swung  by  the  mother  wjth  herLiiid 
or  great  ^oe.  ~ 

Another  cradle-trough  in  the  National  Museum,  said  to  have  come 
from  Oregon  Territory,  is  a  block  of  cedar  wood  30  inches  long  and  12 
inches  scjuare,  roughly  hewn  in  shape  of  a  boat,  with  bulging  sides. 
At  the  foot,  on  the  outside,  is  carved  ii  handle,  function  not  known.  The 
bed  is  shredded  cedar  bark,  and  the  covering  a  (juilt  of  the  same  mate- 
rial, roughly  held  together  by  twined  weaving;  a  long  pad  is  hinged  to 
the  head-board,  and  so  arranged  as  to  be  drawn  down  over  the  child's 
forehead  and  lashed  to  either  side  of  the  trough.  There  is  evident  con- 
nection between  the  boats  of  the  Northwest  and  thetaMdles.  An  inter- 
esting feature  about  this  form  of  cradle  is  the  appliances  for  lashing 
the  child: 

(1)  A  series  of  holes  along  the  side,  just  below  the  margin,  i)arallel 
with  the  border  most  of  the  way,  but  sloping  (iiiite  away  from  it  at  the 
head. 

(-)  A  cord  of  coarse  root  laid  along  over  those  holes  on  the  outside 
of  the  cradles. 

(;})  On  either  side  thestantlard  series  of  lo()i)s  \hv  the  lacing-string 
is  formed  by  passing,  .wine  through  the  lirst  hole,  around  the  root  cord 
on  the  outside,  back  through  the  same  hole  np  to  tiie  middle  of  the 
(undle  to  form  a  loop,  back  through  the  next  hole  in  the  same  manner. 

(1)  The  lacing-stiing  runs  through  these  loops  alternately  from  bot- 
tom to  top.  The  ormimentation  of  this  type  of  cradle  is  chietly  by 
means  of  parti  colored  basketry  and  (urs.  The  Cliinnks  were  an  ad- 
vanced people  in  art,  and  many  of  their ^(;radles  were  verv  prettjly, 
ijdorned.  Mr.  Catliii  (igured  (Hie  in  which  the  process  of  head-tlattening 
is  going  forward. 

In  Mayne's  "British  Columbia  i>n<l  Vancouver's  Islaml''  we  read  that 


i 


i 


172 


RKl'OUT    01"    NATIONAL    MUSKIIM,  1887. 


tlio  I'liild  lies  af  full  Icnjitli,  and  the  sides  of  the  cradle  are  suHi- 
cientl.v  hiyh  to  enable  the  mother  to  lace  it  in  by  a  cord  i)aHHed  from 
iside  to  side,  a  small  block  beinj^  |)iit  at  one  end  as  a  pillow.  When  the 
mother  is  traveling  she  carries  the  cradle  on  her  back  in  nearly  an  nji- 
riyht  position,  with  the  head  ai>pearinj'just  above  her  shoulders.  But 
if  she  is  workin};  she  suspends  the  infant  from  the  i)liant  branch  of  a 
tree,  or,  sticking  the  ]»ole  in  the  jjrouiid  at  a  slight  angle,  han^s  the 
ciadle,  sometimes  iiprij^ht,  sometimes  horizontally,  on  the  end  of  it. 
Tliey  move  jiole  and  cradle  so  as  to  keep  it  near  them,  and  every  now 
and  then  give  it  a  swing  so  tliat  it  rocks  up  and  down.  It  is  said  thai 
when  ciiildren  die  they  are  i)Ut  in  some  lake  or  jtool,  in  their  cradle,  and 
left  to  tloat,  the  water  ln'ing  icgarded  as  sacred  ever  after. 

Swan,  in  his  "Indians  of  Cai»e  Flattery,"*  says:  "The  practice  of 
ilattening  the  heads  of  infants,  although  not  universal  among  the  Ma- 
kalis,  is  jterformed  in  a  manner  similar  to  that  of  the  Chinuks  and 
otiier  tribes  in  the  vicinity  of  the  ("oU\nd)ia  K'iver.  As  soon  as  a  child 
is  lioni  it  is  washed  witii  warm  urine,  and  then  smeared  witii  whale  oil 
and  placeil  in  a  cradle  madeof  l»ark,  woven  basket  fasliion,  or  of  wood, 
either  cedar  oi'  alder,  h()Ilowed  out  tor  the  purp(»se.  Into  tlu^  cradle  a 
quantity  of  linely  separated  cedar  bark  of  the  softest  texture  is  lirsl 
thrown.  At  tlu'  foot  is  a  board  raised  at  an  angle  of  about  2")  degrees, 
which  serves  to  keep  tiie  child's  feet  elevated,  or  when  the  (  i;i<lle  is 
raised  to  allow  the  child  to  nurse,  to  form  a  support  for  the  liody,  or  a 
sort  of  seat.  This  is  iilso  covered  with  bark  (heseyu).  A  pillow  is 
formed  of  the  same  material,  Just  high  enough  to  keej)  the  head  in  its 
natural  jxisition,  with  thespiiial  column  neither  elevated  nor  depressed. 
Tiist  the  child  is  laid  on  its  back,  its  legs  properly  extended,  its  arms 
jint  close  to  its  sides,  and  a  covering  either  of  bark  or  cloth  laid  over  it ; 
and  then,  commencing  at  the  leet,  the  whole  body  is  (irmly  laced  up,  so 
tliat  it  has  no  chance  to  moxc  in  the  least.  When  tlie  body  is  well  se- 
cured, a  padding  of  heseyu  is  placed  on  the  child's  Ibrehead,  over  which 
is  laid  bark  of  a  somewhat  stitfer  texture,  and  the  head  is  tirndy  lashed 
down  to  the  sides  of  the  cradle;  thus  the  infant  remains,  seldom  taken 
out  more  than  once  a  day  while  it  is  very  young,  and  then  only  to  wash 
it  and  dry  its  bedding.  .The  male  children  have  a  small  opening  left  in 
the  covering,  through  whi(!li  the  i)enis  protruth's,  to  enable  them  to  void 
their  urine.  The  same  style  of  cradle  appears  to  be  used  whether  it  i> 
intended  to  compress  tlie  skull  or  not,  and  that  detbrmity  is  aeeoin 
jdished  by  drawing  the  strings  of  the  liead-i)ad  tightly  and  keeping  up 
the  piessnre  lor  a  long  tone.  ("Iiililreii  are  usually  kept  in  thesecradles 
till  they  are  a  year  old,  but  as  their  growth  advaiutes  they  are  not  tied 
up  (jnite  so  long  as  for  the  first  few  months.  The  mother,  in  washing 
lier  child,  seldom  take.-;  the  trouble  to  heat  water;  she  simply  fills  hei 
mouth  with  water,  and  when  she  thinks  it  warm  enough  si)irts  it  on 
the  child  and  rubs  it  with  her  hand." 


Inhab 
rectly  c( 


people  w 
heTUt: 

Thej) 
to  wliici 
it  can  II 
pilHTWp 
in  thee' 
da^ljlra] 
i\s  place 
line  froii 
ii?  Ki't'llTT 


fi'ontiU  (I 


'Siuitbsouiaii  C'oiit.  to  Kii()v\li'(l);t',  No.  '2'M,  jip.  lti-19. 


The  si 
or  -  iiic 
Hides,  nii 
heads. 

I'.y  thi 
its  natiii 
or  injure 
timony  e 
and  asce 
inferior  i 
sliape. 


r 


M,   18H7. 


CRADLES    OF    THK    AMERICAN    AHORUilNES. 


173 


)f  the  ci'ivdle  are  sutti- 
I  by  ii  cord  passeil  tVoiii 
as  a  pillow.  When  thf 
T  back  ill  nearly  an  up- 
(ve  her  sh(>iiUlcr.s.  But 
I  the  pliant  branch  of  a 
-ilijiht  angle,  hangs  the 
ally,  on  the  end  of  it. 
ir  them,  and  every  now 
I  down.  It  is  said  thai 
pool,  in  their  cradle,  and 

ever  after. 

says:  "The  practice  of 
niversal  among  the  Ma- 
lat  of  the  (Jhinnks  and 
i'er.     As  soon  as  a  <'iii]d 

smeared  willi  wliaie  oil 
■^ket  fasliion,  or  of  wood, 
pose.  Into  the  cradle  a 
'  softest  texture  is  liist 
gle  of  about  2.1  degrees, 
1,  or  when  the  cradle  is 
ipport  for  the  Imdy,  or  a 
(he-se-,vu).     A  i)illow  is 

to  keep  the  head  in  its 
•  elevated  nor  dej^ressed. 
x'lly  extended,  its  arms 
lark  or  cloth  laid  over  it; 
dy  is  liiinly  laced  up,  so 

hen  the  body  is  well  se- 
Id's  forehead,  over  which 
the  head  is  tirmly  lashed 
it  leniains,  seldom  taken 
X,  and  then  only  to  wash 
i'  a  small  opening  left  in 
s,  to  enable  them  to  void 

to  be  used  whether  it  i> 
hat  deformity  is  iiecom 

tiglitly  and  keeping  up 
ally  kept  in  these  cradles 
vances  they  are  not  tied 
Tlie  mother,  in  washing 

ter  ;  she  simply  tills  hei 

rm  enough  spirts  it  on 


Inhabitiiij^he  lower  ])arts()f  the  Columbia  are  a  small  tribe  who  cor- 
tectly  eome  under  the  naine  of  Flat  Heads,  as  they  are  almost  the  only 
pr-ople  wlio  strictly  adhere  to  the  custoiii  of  s(pieexiii.  and  tlattening  the 
hen  ft:  '  '  '       "^        " 

T he  process  of  tlatteiiing  consists  in  ])laciny  the  ill^;ll|^  mi  n  Immd, 
to  which  it  is  lashed  by  means  of  thong  i  to  a  position  from  whicii 
it  can  not  eseaiie,  and  the  Imck  of  tne  head  sui)ported  l>y  a  sort  of 
piiniAT^Tnade  ol  moss  "or~i'abbit -ski lis,  with  an  inclined  i)iece  (as  seen 
in  the  drawing),  resting  on  the  forehead  of  the  child,  being  every 
diiy  drawn  down  a  little  tighter  l)y~iiieaiiTora  <;oi'd, "which  holds  it  in" 
its  place  until  it  at  length  touches  tlie  nose,  t2ius  formiiitf  a  straight 
line  from  the  crown  of  the  head  to  the  end  of  the  nose.  This  process 
{tr7?CTmiiigiy  a  very  «'ruel  one,  though  1  doubt  if  it  causes  much  iiaiii, 
as^TFTsTloiie  in  earliest  infancy,  while  tliebones  are  soft  and  easily  de- 
presse(i__inioJji^is  distorted  shape,  by  fore i ii g  the  occipital  up  and  the 
frontal  down. 


! 


I'lAI     111  -Ml    Wci.MAN    ANIi   Cllll.h. 
iSliMvMiiK  til.'  iirinii.r  <M  »l.,.  Ii  Hi'  Ik.i.I.  ..I  llii'iliil.lii r  ll.iltrni'il. ) 

The  skull  at  the  toji  in  protile  will  show  a  breadth  of  not  more  than  U 
or  2  inches,  when  in  front  view  it  exhibits  a  great  expansion  on  the 
sides,  making  it  at  tlu>  top  nearly  the  wi<lth  of  one  and  a  half  natural 
heads. 

I'.y  this  remarkable  operation  the  brain  is  singularly  changed  from 
its  natural  shape,  but  in  all  probability  not  in  tlu>  least  diminished 
or  iiijiiied  in  its  natural  functions.  This  belief  is  drawn  from  the  tes- 
tamony  of  many  credible  witnesses  who  have  closely  scrutinized  them 
^nd  ascertained  that  those  who  have  the  head  llattein  '  are  in  no  way 
inferior  in  intellectual  powers  to  those  whose  hciids  are  iii  their  natural 
shaiie. 


174 


UKI'OUT    OF    iJATlONAL    MUSEUM,  1887. 


In  the  i»roct'SK  of  llaUi'iiiii};  tlu'  liciul  there  Js  another  forniof  crin 
or  ciiidlc  into  wliicli  tlic  cliihl  is  placed,  inticli  in  thu  tbrru  of  a  sniail 
caimc.  (In;,'  out  ol"  a  Io<j;  of  wood,  with  a  cavity  Just  hir^jc  cnonfi'i 
to  admit  the  iiody  of  the  cliihl  and  the  head  also,  ^'i\  in^'  it  room  t' 
expand  in  width,  whiU'  from  the  lieud  of  the  cradh^  tiiere  is  a  sort  *>'. 
lever,  with  an  elastic  sjtrin;,',  that  comes  down  on  the  forehead  of  tin 
ch'ld  and  pnuluces  the  same  elfeet  as  the  one  1  have  described.  Tli' 
<'hil(l  is  wrapped  in  rabbit-skins  and  jdaced  in  this  little  collin  UK' 
cradle,  from  which  it  is  not  in  some  instances  taken  out  for  sevem 
weeks. 

Tiie  banda<;es  over  and  alunit  the  lower  limbs  are  loose  and  repeatedly 
taken  off  in  the  same  day,  as  the  child  may  reqnire  (rleansin^.  lint  tin 
head  and  shonhlers  arc  kept  strictly  in  the  same  position,  and  the  breaM 


i    Froi 


Kviio 


Tin:   ClIIMK   MF.TIICiIi  OE  Fl.ATTF.NISO  TUP.   IlF.AIl. 

(  I'lale  21IIV..  v.. I.  II.  Catlur-.  Ki«ht  V.-.ir-,  ) 

given  to  the  child  by  holding  it  np  in  the  cradle,  loosing  the  outer  en 
oi  the  lever  that  comes  over  the  nose  and  raising  it  nj)  or  turning 
aside  so  as  to  allow  the  child  to  come  at  the  breast  without  moving  ii 
head.  The  length  of  time  that  the  infants  are  carried  in  these  cradh 
is  three,  five,  or  eight  weeks,  niitil  the  bones  are  so  tbrmed  as  to  ke«' 
their  shape. 

This  cradle  has  a  straj)  that  ]»asses  over  the  woman's  forehead  whil- 
the  cradle  rides  upon  iier  back,  and  if  the  child  dies  during  its  subjectio' 
to  this  rigid  mode  its  cradle  Decomes  its  cotlin,  forming  a  little  (ianoe, 
wliich  it  lies  lloating  on  the  water  in  some  sacred  pool.    (Catliu,  voi 
11,  p.  110.) 


•   Bauer 
fifittiMiii 

C'llllKlok 

liuii 
quotes  I 

tllll    .'>C'() 

biiiit  \\i 

Swan 

Iii'S(ri|ii 

l>l:oi(i  (, 

fill.vtwi 

arc  Mjnli 

liariir 

ti'ad-ila 


i 


Kl'M,  1887. 


CRADLKH    OK    "UK    AMKKICAN    AHOKKilNKS. 


175 


■e  is  iuiotlier  form  of  crin  j    Ffom  tlie  ()n-;,mii  coast  tli«^  Wilkes  Kxpi'ditioii*  lnoii^lit  a  cradle 

icli  ill  tin*  form  of  a  sinai    viiiciris  sliowii  in  V\<:.  !•.    Tiif  fiaiiu^ 

cavity  Just  larjn'  nioiiit';  ,lMMn]^,trti\v.'l  or  s|»a<lc  slianc.     '.riic 

1(1  also,  ix\\'\ug  it  room  t'  ^v||,,|(.   biick    ami    IVoiit    an-    covcivd 

e  crndlii  tlicro  is  a  sort  oi  J^yj,],  i,iicksUiii 

VII  on  the  forehead  of  tin 


A I  a  proper  (listaiice 


'mm  till-  i-iloes.  y>r  liiu-k.skiii  js^scwed 
lie  1  have  described.  Tin  ^^^.  \;ysUv,\  down,  and  tiie  lla|>s  loriii 
il  in  this  little  coninlik'  the  inclosiim-  wn.ppitifs  ..r  tli..  diild. 
ices  taken  out  for  several  |^^  triaiijiiilar  "  tly  "  covers  the  lower 

Vxtreinitics.  Compare  this  portion  of 
bs  are  loose  and  repeated!  \  ,1,^.  ,.n„|ie  witli  tiie  Nc/  lN'ic«''s  (Ha- 
LMpiire  cleansing.  But  tin  imptiiin)  cradle  described  I'lirthcr  on. 
lue  position,  and  the  breast  rj'),,.  imod  is  of  rawhide,  overlaid  with 

?^  cover  of  beaded  buckskin.     U^  can 

rcailily   be  seen   'hat;    this  hood   may 

be'ilrawii   to  any   tension  across  tht) 

forehead  of  the  inl'anl.     TIk^  ornanien- 

tatioii  and  the  head  band  or  carryiii};- 

htrap  are  similar  to   the  same  parts 

in   other  eratlles.      Wilkes    (Kxidor. 

J-lxped.,  IV,  3.S8)  says:  "At  Nicnliiita 

]Mr.   Urayton  obtained  a  drawiii};  of 

i\    cliihrs    head    that  had  Just   been 

released  irom   its  bandatres.  in  order 

to    secure    its    Hattened   appearance.. 

Jfoth  jiarents  showed  great  delight  at 

the  success  they  had  met  with  in  eft'ect-     ,,^„ 

iiig  this  distortion."     (See  Fig.  10.) 

■Miirchaiid  (  Vhvii^ch)  rt'imrts  tliiit  ainoDgthu  Tliinkt-cts,  iiifnntN  are  •'Nooxcoriftteil 
by  IVriiieiittMl  liltli,  ami  so  sciiirt'd  by  tlicir  fradlc.  tlial  tlicy  carry  flit'  marks  to  the 
pravf."     (ISaiuMoft.  Nat.  Kacfs  of  Pacific  Stafcs,  vol.1,  p.  ll-J.) 

Lord  (Nat.,  vol.  ll.  ii.  'SVi),  Scimlcr  (Loud.  (ico;;.  .Soc.  .lour.,  vol.  Xf,  ))]>,  21'^,  2'iO, 
fi'.i'.U,  Sfhoolcriift  (Arcli.,  v(d.  ii,  ]i.  '.Ivi'i)  incntioii  flic  cu.stoiii  of  flattening  the  bead 
in  infancy  iinionji  tlic  ll)lidall^^  ((^oliirnbiuns),  (Pancroft,  Naf.  Kaces,  etc.,  I,  ir>t?.)  In 
tlicir  iilatforni  liou.scs  flicy  HU'|>t  on  "  c«>dar  niat.s"  (p.  lt!l\ 

Bancroft  (Native  Kaccs  of  flio  Pacific  .States,  N.  V.,  187.">,  vol.  i) :  ''  The  ciistotn  of 
"idle    loosing  the  outer  en   flii'tcninj;  the  head  is  practiced  liy  the  NootkaH   in  common  with  the  Sound  and 


Fit:.  ». 

CllAlll.K  OK  Olir.liON   iNrHASrt. 

u    a:i7.'..  f.   S    V    M      C,.ll..,t.->1    l.y  \\  ill 
I'liinrm  Kxi'tMtitK'ii, 


n  TiiR  IIeah 


<iuie,  loosing  uih'' uiufi  t-n  - i^  •■■•  ■•- -  ■ — •>  — ■  ■••  - 

i-.ii«iiifr  it  iin  or  tiirnillL'  t'liinook  families,  l.nt  i»  not  universal  "  (p.  180.     See,  also,  note,  p.  'S). 

l.iisiiit,    iL  upui    I             f,  Paneroft   (Native  Races  of  the   Pacific  .States,   N.  Y.,   !«">,   V(d.  I,   note,  p.    177 

1   breast    Without    inOVIIIg     II     «,,,,,„..,1 ,.,.„„ntM  ,,I('.,.,L-      M..fir..u      M..Cr,w     \|.i,.r>..     .'>,.,>l..     KmHI   .•   M..vw.,ii1!.     \t.ivn.- 


quotes  the  accounts  of  Cook.  Me;iics,  Mofras,  .Maefic  "oole,  Siifil  y  Mexicana,  Mayne, 
ire  carried  in  these  cradh  „„i  ,s,.„i,l,.r,  to  theeHect  that  the  Nootka  Indians  ae  liow-lc«j,'cd  and  intoeii  from 
^'S  are  so  formed  as  to  kec   Loat  work,  and  have  deformed  limlis  from  the  ell'ect  of  narfers. 

Swan,  J.   (!.  (Indians   of  Cape   Flatfery.   Smithsonian    Contributions,    No.   'i'-iO): 
...    I)escription   of   tlio  process   of  head-flattening   amonj;    the    Indians  of  Vancouver 

ho  woman's  lorehead  whil>  j^,.,,,,-,  ^^^^^  j^  ,.,^ 

Id  dies  during  its  subjectic  ii,.,.i„t,  O.  (Travels  tliron},'h  the  Canadas,  London,  1M()7,  Ito) ;  "  In  the  latitude  of 
in,  forming  a  little  (janoe,  V  f  ft  y- two  degrees,  on  the  northwest  coast  of  America,  there  exists  a  trihe  whose  heads 
;  sacred  pool.      (Catliu,  vol  fi'-  nuilded  into  a  wedge-like  form"  (p.  :?0:i). 

Mancroft  (Native  Races  of  the  Pacific  States,  N.  V.,  l"'7r),  vol.  i) :  The  custom  of 
|iead-llatteuiug,  apparently  of  sea-hoard  origin  and  growth,  extends    •     »    »     across 


170 


KKI'nlM     OF    NATIONAI,    MDSKl'M,  1M«7. 


(lint'iiiitr  Sti'vniH  (lii«l.  Alt'.  K't'p.,  \X'>i,  p.  L"J7)  snvs:  "TIh'  woiik'Ii  hi 
Wallii  Walla  sit  astridu  in  a  sadtllu  made  with  a  vory  h'\iiU  [loiiiiiiu!  aiiil 


Kli:   10. 

SIIOWINO    rilK   KKKKl  I    UK   IlKAK'Kl.AT'rK'Cmil. 

Fr.iin  ilr««in«  l  r  >lf    llril»I"r.    ihjIiIi.Iw.I  mi  Wilki->'  Kl|il<>tirii|  K<l"ili- 

caiitlt',  ami  in  travdinjr  <'arr.v  tlu'ir  infants  I'lflicnlaiinlinf;  by  tlirciadit 
Htri'l' to  111*' luiim  r  (II  .sliiii^'  in  a  Idankct   «tvfr  tiicir  slmnldcrs.''     Tin 

till'  (':iMiM(lt'  ImniiT,  iiMil  is  |priiiti(i'il  lo  ii  f^rciitcr  or  less  cxliiil  liy  all  tlic  liilics  ni 
tlir  SaiiiiiitiiiM  faiiiily."  Tlicy  iihtiIv  ilrprrss  slijjlitly  llir  liiiflicad  oC  inlaiits,  ami  llii- 
(lisapiH'ars  lit  maturity"  (|i. '.'.'iti). 

M.iitic,  M,  (Vuiiciiiivt'r  [slaiid  ami  Hiitisli  ('nliimtiia,  l.nmldii,  iHtl'i) ;  Hctwccn 
lat.  ."lit  ;!i)'  N.  and  lat.  Ill-  \.  the  Indiana  id'  ilic  mulluvcsi  cciast  ofAimrifa  llattii 
till'  li<-ad,  iimlcr  tlic  im|irrHMii>ii  thai  tin'  dislditioM  Is  Im'Ciiiiiiii;^  (|>.  Ill), 

Maclir  (iilem.,  p.  Ill)  ^ivi'M  tin'  I'ollowiii;;  acciiMlit  of  tlu'  iiroccNs  of  lioad-llal 
triiiii;;  aiiioii^  tlu>  coast  trilii's  :  "  Tin' cliild,  us  soon  as  liorii,  ih  idaccd  in  a  cradl' 
si'iMipi'd  out  of  a  lo^  of  tinilxr.  'I'liis  nid(>  ark  is  tlul  at  tlio  liottoin,  and  raised  at  tli' 
piiinr  wilt  re  till'  Tii'i'k  of  llir  chilli  ri'sts.  A  llat  slonc  is  tastriii'd  to  tlif  lirad  of  ih. 
iiil'ani  ill  tills  piisliirr  liy  tliin  strips  of  twistnl  hark.  In  tim  sitiialiim  ImlirMtcd  th' 
rhild  is  kept  till  aide  to  walk,  and  its  fori'lirad  has  ln'cii  molded  into  the  rt'<|iiireil 
shajie.''  Ill  the  (^natsino  distriet  the  skulls  of  the  women  have  "  a  tapering  or  coiii 
calform"  '  '  '  prodiiied  Ity  artilieial  means.  <  liily  the  lamiliesof  ehiet's(tena>s 
ami  '•gentlemen  eonimoner.s"  (tyliees)  are  permitted  to  modify  the  form  of  th' 
head.  I 

ISancroft  (Native  Kaees  of  tln,«  Taiitie  States,  N.  Y.,  l>*ri,  vol.  i):  'I'he  Sound  In 
dialis,  amoiifi  the  Colnmliiaiis,  llatten  the  head,  "  hiif  none  carry  the  praetiee  tosiicl 
an  extent  as  their  iieij^hhors  mi  the  south  "  i  \>.  "Jlih. 

H.imroft    (Native    K'aees  of  the   I'aeille    Stales,   N.    V.,    HT.'),    vol.    I):     Anion^'    th' 
Chiiionlis  the  '•  le;>s  are  liovved  and  ol liervv  ise  deformed  hy  a  constant  Hr|iiat tin ;{  posi 
tion   ill  and  out   ot' their  canoes"  ip. 'J'.il).     Ilead-llatteniii^  ".seems  to  have  ori^ 
iiateil     •     ■      ■     .ilpoiit  the  month  of  the  Coliimhia,''  and  the  t.'hiiiooks  carry  the  en- 
(niii  111  an  I'Miss  of  deformity  (]>.  vi'Jil). 

Haiii'iofi  iem;M  ks  that  "  the  Chinook  ideal  of  facial  heaiity  is  a  str.ii;;ht  line  froi 
the  end  ot'  the  nose  to  the  crown  of  the  head.  'I'lic  llatlenin),'iif  the  skull  is  eHectcd  li\ 
hitidin};  llie  infant  to  Its  iiadlc  immediately  after  liirth,  and  kee))in^  it  there  froii 
three  months  to  a  ycir.  The  simplest  t'oriii  of  cradle  is  a  piece  of  hoiird  or  plank,  o!' 
which  tilt,'  eliild  is  laid  iipuii  its  hack  with  its  head  .sli>;htly  raisetl  hy  a  lilock  nl 
wootl.  Another  piece  id'  wonil,  iir  hark,  or  leather  is  then  phneil  over  the  forehcM': 
ami  tictl  to  the  (dank  with  striiifjs,  which  are  ti^hlenctl  more  anil  more  each  day  iinli 
tin  skull  IS  shaped  to  the  rei|iiired  pattern.  Space  is  loft  for  lateral  expansion,  .iml 
nnderordinaiy  circiimslances,  the  child's  head  is  not  jillovved  to  leave  its  position  iie 
lil  the  process  is  complete.  The  hody  and  liiiihs  are  also  hound  to  the  cradle,  hui 
more  liiosely,  hy  liandanes,  which  are  soinctime.s  removed  for  cleuusing  purposes. 
(Native  Kaces,  etc.,  vol.  I,  p.  •.i'.iT.) 


iiiin<>  >l 
^latl.'ii 
Ml. 
*a  I'liitl 
llicchi 
foot.  . 
iMi.sitioi 
uftfiw; 
to  nix  I 
lection 
lihont  I 
In  his  I 

•  Meal 
Hcribi's  t 
Nootka  i 

Wilko 
Two  pla 

<)hserve(l 

of  liead-( 
of  an  on 

(lis    Ueli 

llicis  (  p, 
tCatIi 
jloll,  IH7( 
^iressioll 
lion  of  t 
li  lice  ot' 
lorded  h 
liead  di> 

;  Cox.  h 

nil  heiid 

pp.  II).'., 

Ill'  rot  nil 
ill  iiioiil 
ill!  forel 
this  fii-ij 
Iciisarc 
the  legs 
Wood 
the  proi 

I.CW  is 

1-U. 

Ii.id  'M! 
from  tie 
paws,  o 
Hliin"!  ai 
tilled  (\ 
liave  to 
tioli "  ( V 
•(  id. ). 
:'nio  W. 
general 


I'M,    1MM7. 

!7)  Hiiys:  "Tlic  wonioii  in 
ii  very  lii^li  [loininul  iiii<l 


TKAhliKM    ol'    rilK    AMKUK^AN    AIIOKKIINKH. 


177 


I  II  \INll. 

:i|il<iriii|  H<lu',li- 

n'r(l;iii;:liiiy  l»v  tlu'cnidlf 
r  tlifir  slKiiildcrs.''     Tin- 

!•.>.«  rxirlil  liy  all  llic  ll  ilii's  ol 
lie  tbii'liciiil  iif  JiiraiitM,  anil  till- 

lia,  Liiniliiii,  iHtl'i)  ;  HcIwim'h 
ivmmI  ciiust  of  Aiin'iii'M  lliittn 
I'ciiiiiin;;  ( |i.   Ill ). 

of    till'    indcfss  of  lifail-llat 
as  lioiii,  IS  jilaci'il  in   a  irailh 

till'  liiittiini,  anil  t'ai><i'il  at  tli' 

\>i  t'astrllril  to  till'  lirail  ot'  IIm 
In  tlio  sit  iiatiiiii  iiiiliratcil  tlii 
Im'i'ii  mioIiIciI  into  tlu'  i'n|iiin  i' 
mil  liavr  "  a  tapciiiif;  or  coni 
>  till'  I'aniilit'siif  ('lil('l's(ti'iia» 

II  tcp   iiiiiility    till'    I'onii   of  till 

1*T.'),  vol.  1) :      Till'  SoiiTiil   III 
none  cariv  tin'  practict'  to  such 

v.,  l""."),  vol.  I):  Anion;;  tip 
[I  liy  a  constant  H(|iiattin;;  jium 
Itriiiii^  "scciiis  to  have  iiri^i 
ml  the  C'hinooks  carry  the  en- 

I  licaiity  is  a  straight  line  fion 
cniiinof  till'  .skull  is  cilii  icil  In 
rtli,  anil  kn  pin;;  it  t  licii'  frm 
is  a  |iirn'  of  lioaril  or  plank,  o: 
.sli;,'lit  ly  rai.st'il  liy  a  lilock  ni 
then  plaicil  over  the  fiiielii;e, 
1  iiioi'e  anil  mole  each  ila\  iiuli 
left  for  lateral  expansion.  ,iini 
llowed  to  leave  its  i»ositioli  up 
also  homiil  to  the  crndle,  hut 
loved   for  cleausin;;   purpoMCS. ' 


I4itiii<'  aiitliorify  nii.vh  Mint  tho  ClallaiiiH,  and  in  Itu'.t  all  tlio  iSouiiil  lixiiaiiH, 
lallrii  till'  liciul  (L'4;<).* 

.Mr.  William  .Mciiiolil,  in  .MoiKlin;;  to  t\n\  Niitionsil  MiLscnin  flic  .skull  of 

I  l-'liitiit>a*l  liitliaii  IVoiii  iiortliwcst  Montana,  wiitrs  ti.s  toilows:  '' Wlit'ii 

li<>  cliiM  is  about  oik^  wvvk  oiil  it   in  juit  on  a  board  aiitl  tird  liiiiid  and 

bot.     A  small  ba);  of  sand  is  ticdovor  tin*  f()ivli*>ad  and  nMnalns  in  this 

Hisilioii  fif^litor  tiMi  day-s.     It   is  tluMi  taken  olf  for  a  sliort  n-st  ami 

iricrwanls  iasti'iii'd  to  tliu  boartl  ii^ain.     Tllis(;ontinll(^s  from  six  weeks 

^o  six  niontlis.     Tln^  bead  tlieii  has  its  shape  and  ^rows  in  tho  ri^lit  <li- 

^•eclion.     The  skull  mentioned  beloiified  to  Ked;,'riiss,  ji  ehief,  who  died 

nlMMit  forty  years  a;,'o.     Mis  liody  was  deposited  on  posts  «»  feet  lii;ih. 

]ii  his  fiinoe  were  foiiml  beads,  ami  a  (ieiieral  llarri.Hoii  budt^e  of  ISH.t 

'  '  Meaii's,  .1.  (Voyii;{es  to  tlie  North  west  L'oilHt  of  Aliii*ri(;a,  London,  IT'.M,  f^vo),  de- 
Hirihis  the  compression  of  head  into  the  form  of  a  "sii^rar  loaf"  aiiion;^  Indians  of 
^iiMitka  Sound  l>y  hiitiihiK<'s.     Says  the  process  llatlens  tli(!  nose  (vol.  ii,  (i.  lit). 

Wilkes,  CoiMinaiider  (II.  S.  Hxplorin);  Kxiicdition,  I'hihidelphia,  l«l.">,  Ito,  vol.  iv): 
O'wo  plates  illustralin;;  heail-llattenin;;  anions  the  Indiaim  of  N'iciiliiita  (Wallawalla), 
Oliscived  hy  Mr.  iMaylou  ( p.  ll.'i).  I'hiwer  i|iiiites  Kane's  description  of  thii  process 
pf  hcad-compiession  in  V.incouver  (p.  Ill),  lie  refersto  evident  distortion  in  the  case 
of  an  order  of  Chinese  mendicants,  as  indicated  hy  plate  t:tl,  vol.  Ii,  I'icart,  llistuire 
des  l{elj;;ions.     lie  ipmtuH  TowiiHiMid'H  lU'coiint  of  liead-tlatluiiiii^  uiuoiig  tbc  VVuliu- 

Iliets  (p.  II). 

tl'atliii.  (icorKe.  ( Illustrations  of  the  Manners,  etc.,  of  the  N.  Atiier.  Indians,  Lon- 
lliiii,  H7l>,  ''vo,  \  ol.  I. )  Head  of  Crow  chief  distorted  into  .semi  lunar  , it  ape,  with  coni- 
|)iessiiin  of  forehe.iil  (p.  .MM.  Vol.11,  llead-lliit  ti'iiiu;;  anion;;  ( 'hiiiooks.  Descrip- 
lioii  of  cradle  and  process  (pp.  11(1,111).  Stateintuit  coiiceriiiii);  tliti  former  jireva- 
Iciii  e  of  this  ciisiiim  anion;;  C'hoctaws  and  Chickiisaws  (p.  ll'.i).  Tin"  evidence  at- 
fiJiileil  hy  this  and  other  works  deal  in;;  with  the  details  it  life  points  to  llii<  fact  that 
)icad  distortion  is  less  practiced  now  Ih.iii  forini'rly.     Ii  existsat  present  sporadiciUy. 

.    ('o\.  Ii.  (  The  Coliimhia  Uiver.     London,  IH:!'.2,  ltd  cd.  Hvo.)    On  the  Lower  Coliimliia 

lill  heads  were  distorted;  and  there  was  a  perfect  uniformity  in  their  Hhapx  (vol.  i, 
pp.  10."),  IfH'O.  SpeakiiiKof '•  Klatheads,"  says,  their  "  heads  have  their  fair  proportion 
111' loliiiidily  "  (1.  pp.  •iHt-'.'',''J).  (iathlaniah>.,  Killymiicks,  Clatsops,  Chinooks,  (Miiltn, 
lit  mouth  of  (,'oliiinhiii,  llatlen  the  head.     Cradle  ohioii;;,  with  pillow.     I'ad  and  slah 

im   forehead  held   hy    cords.      Time,   a  year       No  pain  (vol.    I,    pa;;t>  ~'7ti).     Anion;; 

iliis  ;;roup  of  trilies  the  hody  and  limlis  anion;;  the  men  well  sliaped,  hut  tlie  women's 
lc;;sari'  "iiuite  handy, "  owin^  to  the  ti;;lit  li;;atures  they  wear  on  the  lower  part  of 
the  legs    (vol  I,  p.  'JTCO. 

Wood,  ,1.  (i.  ( I'licivili/i'd  KacesofMi^n.  iiartfonl,  H71.  >*vo.)  Description  of 
the  process  of  head-llatteniii;;  amon;L;  (he  Coliimliia  Indians  (|ip.  IIWII,  llt'J(l), 

Lewis  and  Clark.  ( i'lxiieditioii  to  the  Source.s  of  the  MisHimri,  etc.  riiiladelpliia, 
J-ll.  f'vo.)  On  the  Kiniooeiiini.  anatlliieiit  of  the  Coluinhia,  "the  Sokiilk  womni" 
had  "  their  heads  tlatteiied  in  such  a  maiincr  that  the  forehead  is  in  a  strai;;ht  line 
liom  the  nose  to  the  crown  of  the  head"  (vol.  II,  1>.  I'i).  Tlio  woiiuii  of  the  Pishiiuit- 
paws.  oi.  theColunihia,  had  "  their  lieatls  llattemd  "  (vid.  ii,  p.'JI!).  Aiii(m;;tlui  Eiice- 
uliiir '.  diul  KIc'.iuIoots  "  the  heads  of  the  males,  ac  wtill  as  of  the  other  sex,"  wcrt^  llat- 
tiiied  (vr'.  II.  p.  I'l).  The  icoHifM  of  an  unnamed  triheon  the  same  river  "universally 
liiive  t.ieir  heads  tlattened,"  and  they  s.iw  '•female  children  uiider;;oin;;  the  opiia- 
tion"  (  v(d.  II,  i>.  .'iT).     Pressure  of  anklets  and  mode  of  sit  tin;;  also  distorted  tluir  Icl;s 

j(i(/. ).    "The  Ski  Hoots,  hotli  males  and  females,  have  the  head  llatteiu'ir'  ( vol.  ii  p.  ll',). 

ITho  Walikiacuiim  "all  have  their  heads  tlattened"'  (vol.  II,  p.  d'.').     Ilead-llatteniii;;  is 

■general  among  the  "  Chinnooks."     Men's  le;;s '' .small  and  crooked;  women's  Miuietied 

U.  Mis.  GOO,  i)t.  L' 12 


(  • 


ll  1 


ll, 


h 


17H 


KIJ'OHT    Ol'    NATIONAL   MHSKl'M,   1HR7. 


4 


Tlui  lliipii  liiiliaiisof  i»»rtli\v«'Ht«'rii  Ciilirornia  holontj  to  tlio  Tiiiiu' ,i  oolnrnl 

Htock.     'I'lir.v  Imvf  lifcii  (IcscriluMl  in  ii  itapcr  nititlcil,  " 'I'lii'   IJtiy  CI  ur<'<l  nn 

Icctianiii  tim  ll.a.  Niitioiiiil  Mnsi-iiiii."*    Tlic  criullc  l.,iskf(  ol'tlH'  llii|  i       ''''i''"' 

ut   north vvuHturii   Caliloriiia  in  a  sli|)|H>r  sliapt-il,  Dpni  work   l)ask('t  m  tli<- Mci 

osier  wiirp,  aiitl   twiix'tl  weavin,  t,M>«'-     I 

foiistiliitt'H  l!u' 1)0(1\  of  tlicciiuli   l"'"  "' 

(Via.  1 1.)     It  is  \\ov«'ii  as  follow     Tln-ic  .i 

('oiiimtiicinn  "t  'l'<^  iipptrc'iKl,  in  nt'aily  a 

small  i'lids  of  tlu'  twijjs  art'  licld  i  P'>  '""' 

place  one  cijilitli  of  an  int-li  apin  h""  '"• 

In  tiiU'c  rows  of  twiiu'd  wcaviiiu       '1  li<' ;; 

followed  l»y  a  row  in  which  an  » \  h«''''»  ^^'i 

tra  stienjitheninj^  twi^'  is  wliippn  siiarper 

orsewetl  in  plaee,  as  in  thi^  Mak.il  •*•'  ""'  ' 

hasketiv.     At  intervals  of  L'A  to    h<'«'l.  "I 

inches  aie   three  lows  of  Iwiiid       Aroui 

basketr.v.    every    alternate   si-iii   boidei' i 

liavin;;  one  of  the  stren;;theniii/*''*' '^^' 

(wiy;s,     increasinji     in     thickne- *'"' ''•''' 

(h)Wiiwar(l.     The  twi^s  eonstitii        " '"'  • 

iii;r  the  tine  .lottoin  of  the  so  calh    work,  e; 

slipper  coMtiniic  to  the  end  of  lli  ^^  "'*'  •' 

scpnire  toe,  and  are  fastened  nil  *'"'  '"'•' 

't^JtqL     whih'   those   that    form    the  siih- »'■""'"': 

^  ^     are  inj^cinously  lient  to  form  tlh**'-     '" 

vamp  of  the  slipper.     This  pait  ,,  Spirally 

the  frame  is  held  toj^cther  by  row  "'{'•'•'  •" 

oftwiiM'd  \\vii\\\\ii(lii>iisfioi)ht'(l(iii  *.^''"*'  "" 

When   two  rows  of  this  kiinl  ■  't>"J^  •'" 

twinin;,^  lie  tpiito  close  it  has  the  appearanc*'  of  a  fonrply  plaiting,  am*'"'  ^" 

has  been  taken  for  such  by  the  su])erth'ial  observer.  pn'ic  ot 

The  binding  aronnd  the  opening  of  the  <'radle  is  foiined  of  a  bnndl'  *'"""•' 

of  twigs  seized  with  a  stiip  of  bast  or  tough  root.  ®^ '," 

The  awning  is  made  of  open  wicker  ami  twined  basketry,  bonnd  witli  i  •'"*"' 

dasional 

liy  |iicsMnic  of  licail  iiiikJrtHi^  vol.  li,  )i.  I  ir>),  'I'lic  ConUoooo.si',  on  llic  I'ac'ilic  coaHt,  doi'  40  (It"'!'! 
Ilaltiii  tlic  liciid  (vol.  II.  |).  ll'.t).  It  is.sijitcd  tlial  "tlir  Klllaiiinck.s,('lalMo|is,('liiMiiool  -  w,.;i|'s  (,|, 
anil  Callilaiiialis  '  '  •  liavc  thick  ankles  and  (look. 'l  U-j^h"  due  to"llirni 
vtT.sal  inact  ice  of  M|iiutlinji,  '  *  *  and  also  to  tlie  tijjlit  lianda^jcH  of  licadH  ir  '  I'cioii 
Ntrin;;s  Worn  around  till' ankles  liy  llic  wotncii."'  wliosc  liiiilis  air  "  paiticnlaily  il  D,si  ripii 
ttliapid  and  swollen."  "'I'lie  <'iinIoiii  *  *  *  of  llatlenin;;  tlie  head  liyaililici  J)v  the  Cu 
pressMre  dnrin;;  infancy,  prevails  anioiifi  all   tlu^  nation.s   we  have  seen    west   of  H    nn.nt   of  i 

Hocky  Monnlalns"  (Snakes  and  (,'ooko i>-e  they  llieinselves  eNcept ).      "To  Ihe  e:i-  jg.  ,,||,,j,  ^y 

of  that  liaiiier  the  fashuni  is     •     •     •     perfectly  unknown."     An  (Mror!      "On   ll        t  li.incn 
lower  parts  of  the  Col  mil  hi  a   kot  h  sexes  are  universally  llal  heads;   lhe(  iiMtoin  diiiin  ^1,.  (  ciitr; 

:id<lled 
III  i<'d  01 

I'owel 


Fil!.  11. 
Ill  I'A    WiCKKUCliAIII.E. 


'C.ii  N».  liiv.i'.i,  1 

C.ill...  If.l  i.> 


>,  N    >l,     llniM  Viill..)r,  e«lif(irni,i. 

I.. .1.1.  I'.  II.  ii.ij.  r.  M.  A.I 


kIi 


tin;;  east  win 


till  anion;;  tin-  reiinder  Irihes,  near  the 


ins."  till'  practii 


ci.iihiied  to  a  few  feniah 


(\ol.   II,  pp.  I'.iO,  l;U). 


'Siiiithsoiiian  Keport,  ISdO,  i.,  pp.  205-'i:!'.»,  pi.  .v.wi. 


ISO 


KKPOKT    OK    NATIONAL    MIISKUM,   1H87. 


itiick  (III  ii  line  with  tlu'  nose,  ,vot  his  facnltios  set'ine«I  iiowiso  iiiipai 
Tlic  conspicuous  paiiistakiiiK  which  the  Mochu;  s<iiiaw  spends  on  ^ 
l»iil»,v  hasiict  is  an  index  of  her  maternal  h)ve.  Indeed  the  Mochx 
sti'oiij;l,v  attaclu'd  to  their  oHsjjrinjjc.  On  tiie  other  hand  a  Califo  ,jj 
sqnaw  often  carelessly  sets  her  haby  in  a  deej)  conical  basket,  tlie  su 
in  which  she  carried  her  iionsehold  etlects,  leaviiifj  him  loose  and  li  I'adI  tak 
to  lull  (»ut.  ir  she  makes  a  baby-basket  it  is  totally  devoid  of  o^jj  ^^ 
iiienl,  and  one  tril>e,  tlie  Mi  woh,  coiitemptiionsly  call  it  the  doy's  H'iMi-on 
it  is  anionj-  Indians  like  these  that  we  hear  of  infanticide.  sboul 


rea 
ah 
iiU 
a 

y  h] 


Fij;.  r.'. 

Kl 

AMAIII    CHAlil.l-,    (M     WliKKH    ANIi 

a  SMI'H 

r, 

1.  N...  l!«i'.K  r.  .-   S.  M.    Kl.iMiIii  li..i;.iii-.  1 

.1.'   II;. .M 

('.lllloriii;!.      (".ill.  .  t.'.l  Lv  -r.pl. .n  C.^vi.. 

Kin.  !■<■ 
I'llAMK  dl-    Vm    KlM-.ll  CliAM  i 

;(..t   s..  'JI4II.  i(i..>ij.i  V  iiii'v.  c.iii;. 

r.>  .S,M.    l'..IU.|-||..ll.,V.-l>«|i|lH|||'ii«r 


Thecradleof  the  Pitt  Kiver  Indians  is  a  transition  between  th>'  foi'Opt  2 
stick  and  tiie  oxI)ow  type.     A  pole  of  Wdod,  with  bark  removed,  is  liWS  of 
in  the  middle,  the  two  ends  crossed  and  lashed  toj^ether.     Across  |l*j  '•"< 
primitive  frame  are  laid  broad  laths,  perforatetl  at  the(;orner8,  and  la.'-^DK  th 
to  the  poles  with  buckskin  strings  (I'ly.  l.i).     The  foot  rest  is  a  block  t''^' 
wood   7  by  t  by   ','  inches,  perforated,  and   thron<;li   it   are  pas.sed  rOUKh 
two  ends  of  the  |)ole.      The  converjience  <tl   the  ends  prevents  tiie  >'0»  '"i* 
\)Wji  down  of  this  little  platform.     Comparing'  this  cradle  with  one  tiM>"K 
the  vicinity,  called  a  cradle  of  a  new  born  pappoose,  if  will  be  seen  i "*•  t'' 
wc  have  before  us  two  extrenu'sof  a  series,  commenciny-  with  a  \\"^Ji  '" 
tray  for  au  absolulely  helpless  creature  to  a  standing  place  for  a  ciTh*'  ^ 


i 


MIISI'UIM,   1H87. 


CRADLES    OK    TIIK    AMERICAN    AliORIfilNES. 


181 


iiltit's  seoiiuMl  nowise  iiiipai'  „. 
11  Modoc  squiiw  siwiids  on  I . 

lovo.     IndiH'il  the  IModoc. 
11  tlic  otiicr  liiind  a  Califoi; 
1  (U't'p  conical  basket,  tlie  s.iiu 
ts,  leaving  liiin  loose  and  liaU 


ear  of  infanticide. 


leadv  lo  learn  U>  walk.     Iicfrardin^'  tlie  <'radle  in  the  iij,Mit  of  a 

alls,   we  discover  not<Hilylhe  tiny   ereatnre   within   has  passed 

jfh  wonderfnl  clianges,  but  that  t  he  encajisulatinfi' cradle  has  passed 

a  horizontal  to  a  vertical  Innction.     It  was  (irst  a  troiij;h  to  be 

y  lashed  in;  it  ends  with  being  a  frame  on  which  the  Jnvenile  In- 

^  takes  his  stand  prior  to  taking  iiis  llight  into  the  realm  of.self-snp- 

t   it  is  totally  devoid  of  <),p|    Compare  this  device  with  the  practice  of  the  INmo  and  Ynnni 

iptnoiisly  «'all  it  the  dog's  iiii||i.on  of  standing  npon  the  mother's  cinctnre  and  grasping  her  neck 

g^oulders.  Another  IMtt  Kiver  example  is  a  ciadle  net  or  bag,  the 
M^  of  coarse  twine  of  milkweed  hber  laid  close  togeilier  and  Joined 
'  ^ined  weaving  of  liner  twine,  in  donble  rows,  an  incli  and  a  half 
•ai^t.  Sonui  noteworthy  featnres  of  this  cradle  are  the  folluwing: 
le  whole  twining,  from  beginning  to  end,  seems  to  be  continnons,  like 
oiring  a  series  of  donble  farrows.  On  the  right  edge  the  weaver  sim- 
y  tnrned  and  weaved  l)ack  alongside  of  the  foiiner  twine;  at  the  left 
g0  she  laid  her  twiiu'  by  the  side  of  her  warj*  for  an  inch  and  a  half, 
(J  then  tnrned  in  for  another  double  row.  Indeed,  it  seems  as  though 
e. whole  cradle  were  made  of  one  i)air  of  twines.  Tlie  hood  is  made 
puckering  the  ends  of  the  warp  together  and  tying  them,  as  with  a 
jl^string.  The  part  over  the  forehead  is  formed  of  a  separate  set  »»f 
11^)  strands.  The  sunshade  is  a  round,  disk-KUe  stru(!ture  of  twined 
iftving. 

Ilie  I'otter  Valley  cradle-trough  is  made  of  willow  twigs  laid  closely 
^ther  and  held  in  place  by  an  ingenious  stitching,  to  be  explained 
:tlier  on  (Fig.  1 1). 

Kie  head  of  the  cradle  is  a  hoop  of  wood  I  foot  in  diameter,  (piile 
e|).  It  is  fastened  to  the  w  icker-work  by  a  continuous  coil  of  twine 
Ming  around  it  and  between  the  willow  rods  consecutively,  being 
uglit  over  the  curious  braid  that  holds  the  twigs  togetlier.  In  the 
aci pie  described  he  i.ishing  is  cntton  string,  but  in  a  more  primitive 
'tfi  it  would  be  siiu'w  or  grass  cord.  The  ends  of  the  twigs  are  <!ut 
■jiush  with  ^h(^  hoop.  The  sides  and  botton)  of  the  cradle  are  scoop- 
aped,  with  high  perpe:;.!'cular  sides,  the  twigs  forming  it  all  termi- 
tftig  at  the  head  hoop. 

I|ie  rods  of  the  cradletranie  are  woven  tugcther  by  a  series  of  braids 
a  transition  between  tlh'  foii'0|it  2  inches  apart.  This  braid  is  so  constructed  as  to  resemble  two 
(Ktd,  with  bark  removed,  is  liWB  <>f  coiled  s(>wing  on  the  inside  and  a  close  iierring  bone  on  the  oiit- 
lashed  to"ether.  Across  |l*)  ""^l  '«  uiade  as  follows:  Commence  one  edge  and  carry  the  twiiu> 
•rated  at  the  corners,  and  la!-^^Og  three  osiers,  bending  to  the  lel't.  bringing  it  back  two  and  through 
!.')).  The  toot  rest  is  a  block 'l**^  front,  forward  two,  crossing  uMmbeione;  tliiough,  back  two, 
uid  through  it  are  i>assed  rough  to  front,  just  over  ami  over,  Ibrward  three,  back  two,  lorward 
•  ol  the  ends  prevents  the  -'Oi  back  two,  ready  to  start  again. 

larin-;  this  cradle  with  one  liI^"K  leather  h)oi)s  are  attached  to  the  bottom  of  the  (tradle  where  it 
n  pajtpoose,  it  will  be  seen  |M  the  upright  sides  to  receive  the  lacing-string  whic^h  holds  the 
cries,  commeiuiing  with  a  n'Oy  •"  phi<'«. 
to  a  standing  place  for  a  ci^*'  Tulo  and  Tejon  cradle-lrame  consists  of  three  parts  :  the  fonnda- 


Fitf.  i;t. 

I'UAMK  01'   I'lTT   l!l\  Ell  CllAM 

iC.ll     S..    il4ll.  H"iili,l  V  illry,  fahUir' 
!■.>.  N.M.    Culleclftlhv.'^lepluMt  t'niver- 


'f 


182 


RKPdRT    OV   NATIONAL    MUSEUM,  lft87. 


M 


*> 


(ion,  wliicli  i.s  a  loiktMl  slick  ;  Uic  cioss-bius,  laslicd  lu'iieiitli,  and  (lipron.; 
slat  of  twijj^s  upon  which   the   bed   is  hiid.     Solium  parts  of  fliis  trainrmls 
dcinaiid  luiimtcr  description.     The  fork  is  a  coiniiton  twifif,  not  nee      Tin 
sarily  syniinetrioal,  with  short  handle  and  pronj^s  nearly  3  feet  Ion. up  as 
si)readiny  about  10  inches  at  the  distal  end  or  top. 


I 


a 


I'iC.  14. 
POMO  CliADI.l..      'I'm    Cllll.n  HITS  IX  TlIK   UOrXliKH  roKTIO.V. 

(f.ii.    N.,,  ■.M.'W",    I'.  .«     V.    M.      I'dil.i    \:t\\f\-.   ('ililorii!:!.     I'..|l.-.t.l  ly  <l-|.li.ii   1"..w.t".) 

ia  the 
At  tlie  back  of  the  fork  are  hislied  seventeen  rods  of  wood,  itroject  i  »|  bo 
at  theirendsan  incli  or  more  beyond  the  fork.  Tiie  lasiiin-^  of  tin'  i"3i|)ss- 
to  tiie  fork  is  by  means  of  sinew  skillfully  (trossi-d  both  in  front  'n^nc 
rear,  that  is,  tlie  sei/.iny  is  partly  parallel  and  partly  cr(»ss  laced  to  ,l  allt  a 
the  strongest  joint.  These  wooden  rods  seem  to  follow  a  iiule  i»laiistrap- 
pairs,  but  the  design  is  not  apparent.  Between  the  upper  pair  -laid 
third  I'od,  whose  function  is  to  hold  in  place  the  slats  in  front.  l8trap> 
slat-work  or  slats  on  the  front  consist  of  a  separate  transverse  rod, the  in 
which  about  forty  twigs  are  atlacthed  by  bending  the  large  end  of  •;  this 
one  around  the  rod  and  then  holding  the  series  in  place  by  a  rov  follow 
two  of  twined  weaving  with  split  twigs.  To  fasten  this  crib-work aw  la 
place  the,  rod  is  put  behind  the  two  ends  of  the  forked  stick,  ami  oon(H» 
twigs  laid  in  order  on  the  front  of  the  series  of  transverse  rods  so  adoose, 
fill  neatly  the  spa(!e  between  the  forks.  These  I  wigs  are  held  in  pi  A( 
by  lasliiug  them  here  and  there  to  the  transverse  rods  and  to  the  >l(njg. 


nSKKM,    1S87. 


('RAI>M:.S    of    the    AMKRICAN    AnOIMGlNES. 


183 


ais,  liislu'd  IkmhmUi,  and  (I  p^ii,i,'s.  '\'U'\s  lusliiiif,'  (M-oshoh  tlio  twigs  (liagonally  in  front  and  tln^ 
.     8oni«^  parts  of  tliis  Iran  ro4n  l»t'liind  vcitically, 

s  a  coninion  twig,  not  ncc  Tlie  Moiiavc  ciadic-fnuni^  is  a  ])rettil,vn!ad('  ladder  or  trellis,  bnilt 
d  prongs  nearly  3  feet  Ion, up  as  roll(»ws  (Fig.  15):  A  jtole  of  hard  wood  about  7  feet  long  is  beut 
d  or  top. 


l>r^ 


ir>*" 


niK   KorXIPKl"  I'OIITION. 

,i:i.      r',,ll,,  I...I  l.y  <l.'lili.-ri   l',,w^r». ) 

'Utecn  niiis  of  wood,  projetMi 
fork.  Tlie  lasiiingof  the  !■ 
dlv  crossed  both  in  front  i 
1  and  i»artly  cross  laced  to  l 
;  seem  to  follow  a  rude  ]»laii 
Between  the  upper  pair  i 
place  the  slats  in  front.  1 
f  a  separate  transverse  rod. 
'  bending  the  large  end  of  < ; 
the  series  in  place  by  a  rov 
i.  To  fasten  this  eril)worK 
ds  of  the  forked  sti<k,  antl 
i>ries  of  transverse  rods  so  a- 
These  twigs  are  held  in  pi 
transverse  rods  and  to  the  > 


McillAVI'.   ClIADI.K,    Willi    Ill.n   n|-  t;|llll,|i|i|:|i    liAIIK. 

M'lt.    N.  .  -JlUii   I      ^     S     M.     r,,l„r:i.i..   l;;v.-i.   Ai-7..ii,:i.     (■.ill...  1..I  l.y   |.iK>-irJ  I'lliiL't, ) 

mthe  shape  of  an  ox  bow,  the  sides  7  inches  apart  attoj)  and  .').V  in(Oies 
»|;  bottom,  so  tiiat  the  cradle  is  a  little  narrower  at  the  foot.  Hleven 
3I|)ss-bars,  like  ladder  rounds,  conned  and  strengthen  the  frame,  com 
OMBncing  at  thi'  bottom  and  ending  near  the  bow.  These  rounds  con- 
slit  ea(!h  of  three  elements:  a  rod  or  spreader  between  the  two  sides:  a 
strap-like  binding  of  two  or  three  split  twigs  clas)>ing  the  sides  and 
laid  along  on  the  spreader;  a  seizing  (»l  tough  twigs  holding  fast  the 
straps  and  spicadei'.  The  drawing  of  the  reverse  side  clearly  .sets  forth 
the  m;i liner  of  administering  the  light  but  strong  cross  i)raciiig.  lI|)on 
this  laddei'  is  laid  the  cradle  bed  of  willow  or  MH'/(iiiile  bast,  made  as 
follows:  Three  bundles  of  strip] led  bast, each  about  an  inch  in  diameter. 
are  lashed  at  their  middle  with  bast.  They  are  then  doidded  togetliei 
ooiK'entrically  ami  spread  out  to  form  a  i)ed.  On  this  is  laid  a  little 
lObse,  tlnelyshredded  bast  like  a  lu'st,  and  the  bed  is  leady  for  the  baby. 
A  dainty  <piiU  or  (Mmnterpane  of  bast  is  made  trom  strij)s  .'50  iiu;hes 
lOlig,  doubled,  ami  braid«>d  at  the  .;>p  like  a  cincture.     This  braiding  is 


w 


t  ( 


f  I 


,  / 


i\ 


J   » 


184 


REPORT    OF    NATIONAL    MUSKUM,  1H87. 


uuiiliii',  1111(1  >s(»  very  iK'utl.y  done  as  todeiiiaiul  cxpliiiiiitioii.     T\V(»stii|.,a^t.  ,,| 
of  bast  an*  seized  about  their  middle  by  a  siii<,'le  twist  oC  the  two  »     jqu),, 
ineiits  of  twined  weaviiifjf.     Of  course  two  halves  will  piojeet  above  a  i||{]||  m., 
two  below  the  twist.     Lay  two  more  strips  of  bast  in  tlie  second  bi;:ii„||p,,(|, 
of  the  twist  and  draw  down  the  first  two  upi)er  ends,  one  to  tiie  right  >  rawing 
and  the  other  between  the  second  pair  of  strips,  seizin;,'  them  in  phi'  ra^le  t 
))y  another  half  turn  of  the  twines.     Lay  on  a  thin  p  lir  of  bast  sfriii-aaie,  v 
and  briny  down  the  sectond  pair  of  ends  projecting  upward,  as  at  lii  ipeil. 
Tile  weaving  consists  of  four  niovements,  namely:  Laying  in  a  |)air    aby  is 
bast  strips,  grasping  them  with  a  half  turn  of  the  two  twining  welh  The  i 
bending  down  the  two  ui)ward  strips  just  preceding  one  between  tliiaiitl  a 
other  outside  of  the  last  two  strips  ;  and  grasping  them  with  a  half  tin  Vljen  t 
of  the  twine.    The  lashing  belts  of  this  cradle  are  twelve  to  fifteen  |i  hell  of 
braids,  made  of  red,  green,  white,  and  black  woolen  and  cotton  cord-s  the  < 
braided  after  the  manner  of  the  peculiar  tyjie  of  ornamentation  uiitl(  laoes 
signedly  originated  by  braiding  with   threads  of  ditVeieiit  colors.    ( iilionlile 
this  belt  of  sever.il  colors  the  threads  are  so  arranged  as  to  produce    dets  in 
continuous  series  of  similar  triangles,  tilling  the  space  between  two  )iiii|)ont  a 
iillel  lines  by  having  their  bases  above  and   below  alternately.     Nf  )tliel 
the  gist  of  the  oriiaineutation  is  the  i>arallelisin  of  the  braiding  tlnead-iat  s\v 
now  to  one  side  of  the  triangle,  and  in  the  next  figure  running  in  a  i    Like  I 
rection  exactly  at  right  angles.     One  of  the  (iommonest  ornaments  >  :p).i!i 
the  pottery,  rude  stone,  and  carved  wood  is  this  distribution  of  lines    iition? 
triangles.  otlis,  ; 

Of  the  I'imos,  neighbors  of  the  IVIohaves,  Dr.  Palmer  says,  that  on  Ion.)  inaii 
jouineys  they  use  the  cradle-board ;  but  as  soon  as  a  ciiild  is  able  i'h|i;h,i 
standidone  the  Pimo  mother  allows  it  to  mount  upon  the  immeii-vill,  an 
cincture  of  bark  worn  on  her  back  and  to  grasp  her  around  the  neeiv  "gpod  I 

The  floor  of  the  Yaipii  cradle  is  of  the  slatteded  lyi>e,  ."ib  inches  lonpjahec 
A  dozen  or  more  reeds,  siuth  as  arrow-shafts  are  made  of,  are  fastein  itfeast 
in  the  same  i)lane  by  a  dowel-pin.  The  reeds  are  not  bored  for  the  piii^l^»ted 
but  simply  notched  in  a  primitive  fashion.     (Fig.  IC.)  lild  ii; 

There  is  no  cradle-trough,  but  a  bed  of  willow  orother  bast,  shreddi  iktber  I 
is  laid  on  longitudinally.  The  pillow  consists  of  a  bundle  of  little  split  {•jj^iid. 
laid  on  transversely,  at  either  end  of  whidi  is  a  pad  of  rags.  There  Wher 
no  awning;  the  lashing  in  this  instance  is  a  long  cotton  rag,  takiii'l^y  a 
the  place  of  a  leather  strap,  passing  round  and  round  baby  and  fran  i  ith  re( 
anil  fastened  off  in  a  martingale  ariaiigemeiit,  (iiossing  th(>  feet  an<l  ti  rai»l»e» 
to  tiie  lower  corners  of  the  cradle.  lIi)on  this  cradle-rack  or  frame  lawl  o 
fastened  the  true  cradle,  which,  in  this  instance,  is  a  strip  of  coarse  in:i  •AcDst 

■  Hiiiiikc,  Ciipt.  .1.  (i.:  Spciikiiiy;  oI'IIh"  I'iikmii'  ol'tlii!  I>i(>  llcliiy,  in  lSt>4,  uliii  iii  y^^'"'- 
liavc  lii'cii  tilt'  Viiiiias  of  llic   U\it  (lihi,  I'litlic  siivm:  "  TIh'v  ciiiitiivc  to  iiillici  in    'y*    "  ' 


Met  ii| 
tlicir  cliildicii  an  artilicial  dcl'iirniitv.     'I'licy  llattfii  tlicir  licailH  liy  incssiii;.'  a  Imh 


lildr 


iilMin  llii'ir  tiMxli'i' scaljis,  wliidi  tlicy  liind  Cast  Ity  a  lif{iitiii'<'.  Tills  lioanl  is  so  lai  _°*^"'^' 
ami  tij;lit'  that  I  liavr  seen  wtnncii  when  s\viiniiiiiif{  in  tlii^  river  witli  their  ciiililii  ''"<"*•  .^ 
towlni;- tlii'in  after  tlii'iii  witli  a  strinj;  u  liicli  llicy  held  in  (heir  nioiitli.  The  lit ;  "1'"' *"■ 
things  neitlier  Mitlei'MJ  noi' eoniplaiiied,  lint  Ihiated  liehind  their  niotheiH  like  diiek  'Ci'.idli 
(I'atlie's  Narrative,  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  I-;',:!,  p.  >.\'^.)  36'.'. 


i**- 


IISKUM,   1887. 


CRADLES    OK    TIIK    AMKKICAN    AliORIOlNKS. 


185 


uid  I'xpIaiMiliun.     Twostrif. 
,  siiijili'  twist  of  tlic  two  (  I 
lialves  will  projet't  above  iii| 
vs  of  bast  ill  the  second  bi^iiHi 
pper  ends,  one  to  the  right  ipj 
strips,  seizing  them  in  i)lii',ra 
in  a  thin  p.iir  of  bast  striii-ail 
•qjecting  upward,  as  at  liI^lpd 
nauiel.v:  Laying  in  a  i)air  latt 
ni  of  the  two  twining  weil>  '§ 
preceding  one  between  tlijai 


',  of  soft  Hags,  a  foot  wide,  joined  b,v  cross  rows  of  twined  weaving 
lies  apart.  This  mat  is  bordered  by  a  braid  of  Hags,  and  the  two 
are  puckered  or  dniwii  to  a  point.  The  cradle  belongs  to  the  open, 
(MJed  type,  and  is  msule  by  doubling  the  matting  at  the  head  and 
ing  it  togetlier  to  a  point  at  the  foot.  The  two  edges  next  to  the 
e-frame  are  joined  and  lastened  to  the 
e,  while  the  oiit«'r  edge  is  allowed  to  Hare 
.  In  this  little  ark  of  Hags  or  rushes  the 
is  placed.* 

le  children  of  the   California   iieiiinsula 
1  and  walk  befoie  tliey  are  a  year  old. 

rasping  them  with  a  half  till  Vl^i)  tiiey  are  born  they  are  cradled  in  the 

idle  are  twelve  to  tifteen  plliel  of  a  turtle  or  on  tiie  ground.     As  soon 

ck  woolen  and  cotton  cordis  i§e  child  is  a  few  months  old,  the  mother 

type  of  ornamentation  nmlclai^s  it  jterfectly  naked   astraddle  -.,;    her 

>ads  of  diiVeient  e(»lors.     ( "iiioilldcis,  its  legs    hanging   down   on    both 

so  airatiged  as  to  produce    d^  in  front.    In  this  guisc!  the  mother  roves 

g  the  space  between  two  iiiiibqit  ail  day,  exi)osing  her  helpless  charge 

lid   below  alternately.     Nnv)  ^^  imt  ,ays  of  th(^  sun  and  tlie  rh\]\}  winds 

'lisiii  of  the  braiding  threadM^  sweep  over  the  inhospitable  country,  t 

I  next  figure  running  in  a  (ii  Hkeiier  white  sister,  the  Indian  mother  (to 

lie  commonest  ornaments  (Hepu  Monti'.  .    ;iid  her  friends  make  i)rei)a- 

s  tills  distribution  of  lines  mlHins  lor   tiie   coming  event   by  (M)llecfiiig 

Q^is,  and  the  board  tiiat  thetdiild  is  to  pass 

Dr.  Palmer  says,  that  on  loii:);liiany  hours  of  its  first  year  of  life  on, 

IS  .soon  as  a  child  is  able  I'Wfch,  if  richly  ornamented  with  beads,  otter- 

0  mount  upon  the  immen-iM,  and  fringes,  with  bells  on  them,  is  worth 
grasp  her  around  the  neck, "Mod  horse,  which  is  generally  what  is  given 
atteded  type,  ;!(>  inches  loii;:itahe  child's  board  or  cradle.  Tliis  is  usually 
fts  are  made  of,  are  fasteiini« case  when  tiie  boy  or  girl  is  given  and 
'ds  are  not  bored  for  the  piii^l«>ted  by  another  mother.     So  an   Indian 

(Fig.  16.)  iflil  has  generally  two  molhers,  and  of  course  two  fathers,  but  the 

illow  or  other  bast,  sliredddlitfer  has  but  little  to  do  with  the  child  till  it  is  old  enough  to  run 
^ts  of  a  bundleof  little  splirici;!!!!!!!. 

h  is  a  pad  of  rags.     There     %'lien  the  child  is  born  it  is  taken  in  charge  by  its  adopted  mother, 
is  a  long  cotton  rag,  takiiij-lly  a  hired  woman.     It  is  washed,  <liied,  ♦^lien  greascil,  and  powdered 

1  and  round  baby  and  fraiiiiflb  red  ocdier,  then  nursed  by  some  Indian  woman  or  its  mother,  and 
cut,  (crossing  the  feet  and  ti'  r»]»ped  up,  with  its  arms  down  by  its  side,  in  a.  bulValo-calf  skin  or 

this  (U'adlerack  or  frame    law  1  or  small  blanket,  and  placed  in  its  board  or  ciiulle,  to  be  taken 

tance,  is  a  strip  of  coarse  nm  •4,.ontii,  I'lidns  Joho  dc  (Tho  XatmulaiKl  Moral  Ilist..r.vortli.'  IiKli.s.  K.l.  Ilak- 
rtlnriTi(iTl7'rav,~iTi  1S1>4,  will)  111'  •y^'^"^'-  I-|«""<1<>»-  t"'**-  •'^^■"•-'  Ot'ttio  "Cliicliimccas"— savage  iiiomUaiiiceis-lio 
vs:  "Tiii'v  cDi'itrivc  In  i'nilict  ii)  ^  '^i^  "T\w  wives  likowiM'  winl  a  liuiitiiiii  witli  tliiMr  liusbands,  leaving;  tlicir  yomn 
■11  tlicir  heads  l.v  inesNiiifr  a  Ixii  "fc''''"  i"  •'  '''"''  p^niier  of  reeds,  tied  to  llie  lioiigiis  of  a  tree,"  (Vol.  ii,  ])  ..'.0.) 
a  liKat.ir.".  Tliis  board  is  so  |a',,e*lfl-"atteninK.  (Mexico.)  '•  Las  i-arleras  liac'en  que  las  eriatiiras  no  teiiijau  eolo- 
a  in  tlie  river  witli  their  childn''^'' •  ^  '"**  niadres  la,s  tieueii  echadas  en  eiinas  de  tal  siierle  que  no  les  irezca, 
■  held  in  their  mouth.  The  liti  'r^'"'  «''  l>''><'iin>  «ii>  'I"  fOomaia,  Mejieo.  ji.  lid.) 
I  behind  their  niotheis  like  duck    tCradle  oCTurtki-Hliell,  Low.  Ca!.  Iiids.,  I77:i.     liaeKerl,  in  Smithsonian  Kei*.,  Irt0:{, 


YAlill   CliAIHR.    MAliK  OK  CaNI'.S. 

Sni-T  iio.ssiw  isni)  roll  I'll. LOWS. 

il'.  .S.  N.  .M.     .< ra.  Mriir.i.     r.ill..,  tf.l  hj 

K.lwanl  I'alnier. ) 


I  ' 


l!         T 


^1 


18fi 


Ki;nn;i   or  national  mtski'm,  ih«7. 


^ 


hhmiikI  Idils  icliilioiis' Indies  lor  iiispcct  ion.  hlvcr.v  »'V«'iiiii;;  il  isliikjij 
lioiii  iis  n"'iiiM'iiifiil  In  l)i>  Wiislictl,  |iaiiilr«l,  aiitl  (li'tvs.sctl  ii;;iiiii,  i  liefid- 
jjivascd.  Tiii'  (irst  clolli  «ivrr  its  itostciior  is  hiid  witli  acoatiii;;  <"1  'iTwtli 
luilv('ii/«-(|  liiilVaio  dnu^  or  ('lii|)N,  aii<l  this  is  used  as  a  wliito  woii  u,q^  || 
uses  a  diaper.  oflBlpr 

As  it  jirows  older  it  is  taUeii  by  its  inotlier,  placed  up  in  tlie  lodj^v  l)itQks 
outside,  wliile  siie  <,'oes  about  lier  wnrU.  If  tlie  eliild  is  restless  il  bl||ky 
nursed  wliile  on  tlie  board,  .\lter  six  to  eifj;lit  inoiitlis  ofafje  the  elii  ^Jk 
is  laiti  t«)  sleep  witiiont  the  board,  and  it  is  ^^cneraliy  disemled  alb  i  Lgjiig 
,\  ear  old,  tlM)ii;:h  I  liaveseen  Indian  bovsand  ^irls  sneklin^' at  live  ;ii  wllia 
six  years  of  a;:e.  An  Imlian  child,  like  a  white  one,  is  pleased  wiWasli 
toys,  candy,  etc..  and  their  instincts  aic  alike.  They  cry,  lantjh,  ithe  N 
amused,  fri;;litened.  and  astonished,  ami  as  they  are  born  and  bron-a  bed 
lip  so  do  they  live.  in  t)CA 

The  board  npon  which  a  child  is  laid  is  covered  with  a  fanned  eljn^u'i 
skin  or  deer  skin,  ami  beads  worked  on  it.     Tlu'  place  where  the  dual 
reposes  is  loose,  and  is  laced  and  tied  np  when  tlie«'hild  is  placed  in  ubi 

The  straps  for  carry inj;  and  siisi)endinn  it  ar<Mni  the  opp<tsit(^  sid( 
the  board,  and  in  carrying;,  the  strap  is  broiij^ht  over  the  head  and  |»hh  i 
across  the  npper  ]»art  of  the  breast  and  acioss  the  shoulders.  'I  h 
brin<;s  the  board  upon  which  the  back  of  the  child  rests  apiinst  il 
back  of  the  mother.  The  board  is  one-qiiarter  of  an  inch  thick,  Im 
-S  to  .">  feet  in  length,  and  1. 1  feet  in  bnlye  of  board. 

The  Nez  Peice  Indians  belonj,^  to  the  Sahaptian  stock,  and  wi; 
once  a  noble  people,  dweliiiiy  on  the  Smike  Hiver  and  its  atlbieiits  i 
Idaho.  They  Inive  produced  the  historical  character.  Chief  Joseph,  li 
are  now  redneed  to  an  enervated  remnant  dwelliiifj  on  the  Nez  I'l  n 
Keservation.  The  basis  of  the  cradle  is  a  ron<,'h  board,  j^em-rally  In 
out,  '^  feet  liifi'h,  lo  inches  wicb'  at  the  t<»p,  and  not  more  than  an  iii' 
thick.  It  is  sliai»ed  somewhat  like  a  tailor's  sleevelioard,  but  is  nm 
tapering' (Fiji.  17).  This  board  is  covered  with  bnckskin,  drawn  |m 
I'ectly  ti^ilit  upon  the  back  and  acrross  the  bioad  part  of  the  front  as  I 
<lown  as  the  hood,  or  about  one  third  the  length.  Helow  that  the  i^ 
edji'cs  of  the  bnckskin  form  tlaps,  which  met't  nearly  (»ver  the  v\iv 
Ahni^  the  edj^cs  of  these  llajis  striiijis  are  looi)cd,  into  wlii(;h  loop- 
lasliint;'  cord  passes  backward  and  toiward  to  inclose  the  child  tij^ii; 
in  its  capsule.  On  the  toj)  of  the  back  a  fiin};e  of  buckakiii  string- 
formed,  either  by  slittinj,'  the  buckskin  coverinj;  itself  or  by  asepaii 
strip  sewed  on  at  this  point.  A  littU'  above  the  center  is  sewed  the  he. 
strap  of  buckskin,  to  eiial)letlie  mother  to  transport  her  child  or  to  m 
pend  it  when  at  rest.  Tli(\  hood  of  the  cradle  is  based  iipiui  thi!  tlajt- 
bn(;kskin,  but  these  are  entirely  concealed  by  the  coveriuf''  of  tlanncl 
other  substance.     Tln^  most  ornamented  i»ortion  of  the  cratlle  •*<  '  nn], 

*Ciitliii,  Gcorgo.     (IlliistriitiniiH  of  tilt)  Miimicis,  fic,  urilii'  \.  Ainrricin   Iiiilii^Qtt 
biiiidon.     H*().     Hvo.     Vol.  I.)     lIcMil  (if  Cinw  cliicr  ilisliii  led  iiilt)  Hi'iiii-Juiiiir  (sii 
(p.  .-.0). 


J 


(C.t  \ 


exan 


[<l 


^  r- 


It 


.  I 


18S 


HKI'OKI'    Ol"    NATIONAK    MIISKUM,    l«S7. 


Oil  tlif  l)iic|{  is  ii  Idii;:  Miiiiiint'iihil  f'i'ili;;!'  at  top,  himI  lower  iIdwii  In  i 
the  lu'iid  .sttiip  iiiitl  two  cxliii  sliiips  ill  tli«>  iiiiir;;iii  to  st-ciiro  the  ciii  i 
ill  otluT  iiiiiiiipiiliitiiiiis.     'i'lic  iippiT  portiiMi  of  the  I'loiit  isi-overcd  w  i 
lifiidworU,  solid   l)lii«>  },'roiiiid,  with  bird-sli.ipfd  ii;;iii'('.s  in  uiiilu'i-  in 
]iiiilv  beads.     On  tin*  li^lit  side  «)t' the  hood  lianas  a  loii^  inedicine  Im 
of  ItiicUskiii,  adorned  with  li^ht  Idiie  beads  of  lai';;('  si/e.    A  iiews]ia|  < 
<'i)i-respoiident  from  this  rejrion  iiieiitioiis  ii  biickskiii  string  upon  tin  ^ 
eiadles  in  wliieh  a  kintt  is  tied  for  every  moon  of  tiie  ehihl's  life.    Tin  i 
are  little  buckskin  striii<;s  in  the  iiiar;;iii  of  this  cradle  near  the  ho<  > 
but  no  knots  have  been  tied  in  eitluT  of  the  cradh's  here  described. 
In  tliese  two,  as  in  many  others  mentionetl  in  this  pajjcr,  there  i 
charming'  combination  of  the  old  and  the  new.    The  slab,  thcbiicksk  i 
the  medicine  baj;-,  the  fringe,  the  lasjiiiijf  are  all  pre-Columbian.     T  i 
beads,  the  llaiinel,   the  cloth  liiiiiif,',  etc.,  are  evidently   derived  n 
tcrially  fi'oin  the  whites.     There  is  no  change  of  utructiire  or  fnnctn 
elfeited  by  any  of  these  tliiii};s.     They  simply  replace  <»ther  materin 
such  as  quill- work,  shell  work,  native  cloth,  fur  or  buckskin,  in  use  1  i 
fore  the  advent  of  the  whites. 


^'^rVMiri^frrff'i* 


'i  1 


i  1 


KCrrrrr 


FiR.  19. 

NF.VAIH    TTK  ("RAIU.E-inAMK:    OK    Uoil.s,    WITH    ,M) 


.irsiAiii.r.  AWMNii. 

Il'.il.  Nil    "lir.'U.  r.  ".  N.  M      S|...liii.ii  I  liMiiii-il  Iroiii  Ihi-  Nii.i.l.i 
i->liil.il  ill  till-  Ni-w  (liliMiii-  K»liii»Mii.ii  , 


Via.  20. 

Nl'.VAIlA  TTTR  CUAIiI.I'.;    Kl  1.1.  llhi(iKI) 

(C.il.  Nil.   Il«mi.  I.    S.    N-.    M.      ryi.iitii.l   l.aki.  ,Nn 
riillfilcil  l.y  .^trplifii   I'liwtT-,  y 


sijrn 
The. 

One  of  the  widest-siiiCii;!  stocks  of  Indians  formerly  were  the  Shifind  t 
shonians,  reachiiif,Mlowi>  thedreat  Interior  Basin  thronj-hoiil  its  windtskiii, 


^. 


^■i 


J.SKIIM,    1KS7. 


CUADIiK.S    OK    Tin;    AMKKICAN    AHoKlOlNKH. 


IHD 


it  lop,  iiiMl  lower  <lo\vii  Ihi 
iiiiir^iii  to  st'fiiro  tlic  ctii  II 
1  of  tlie  front  is  covcri'd  w  ii 

liiptMl  li;;un>s  ill    iUiil)«-r   in 
iiaii>;s  :i  loii<;  tiictliciiu'  I'  i. 
of  liir^t'  size.    A  iu'\v.s|)ii|i 
hiickskiii  Ntriii};  iijioii  tin  m 
on  of  tli(>«-liiltr.s  lif«>.    Til.  I 
if  tills  (Miiilio  near  tlie  lioi  <i 
(i  criitllt's  iioro  deseriltcd. 
nt'd  ill  tliis  pajter,  tlicre  i 
I'W.    Tiie  slali,  the  1>im'1<s1<  ii 
lie  ail  preColiiinliiaii.     'f  h 
are  evidently   derived  n  i 
nj^e  of  striietiin' or  fiiiicli 
ipl.V  replace  other  inateriii  ~ 
I,  fur  or  buckskin,  in  use  \h 


eilent,  erossliifj  the  Rockies  on  the  easi  under  the  name  of  Coinanehes, 
tUMl  ill  soiillierii  California  (■\teiMliii;,npiite  to  tile  l'arilie()<H-an.  Spread 
okr  siudi  a  vast  territory,  tlit^  Shoshoiiiaii  cradle  was  inoditicd  here 
aid  there  li.v  the  nature  of  tliin;js,  by  tlie  contact  of  doniinant  trilu's, 
and  l>y  cliaii;:ed  liaiiils  of  life, 

*riic  rtes  of  I^vraiiiid  Lake,  Nevada,  make  use  of  a  Hat  wicikercradlc- 
nfnie,  kite  shajM'd  or  ron^ihiy  triaiifjular.  The  wideiiiii;^  is  effected  by 
tiK  intercalation  ot  rods  as  they  are  wanted.  At  the  top  the  rods  are 
b<il*i  in  place  by  a  cross-rod  lasiied  to  llie  ends  of  the  parallel  pi(>ces. 
T|e  twined  weaving;  is  (dianicteristic  of  the  I'tes  in  all  of  their  textiles. 
Al»rctty  addition  to  the  Ute  cradle  is  the  dcHctiite  awiiiiij;  of  liKht  wicker 
attaclied  i»y  its  lower  iinuow  border  to  tlie  bed-frame  and  held  at  the 
pKDlH-r  angle  by  means  of  braces  niaile  of  the  same  material  (I'iys.  li), 

20). 

Tliree  specimens  from  this  area  are  in  the  Museum,  showing  them  as 
t'r$mc  and  as  tiiiislicd  cradles.  IuiIcimI,  we  have  only  to  cover  the  lat- 
tl|c'  with  Idickskiii  alter  \\\v.  manner  of  those  used  by  the  Siiokanes  and 
tbe  atfair  is  complete. 

In  the  eastern  portion  of  I'tali  once  dwelt  various  tribes  of  Tte  In- 
dtaiis.  Ill  the  National  cnllcctioii  is  a  cradle  from  this  region  iiiark«'d 
Uncompaghro  Utes  (Fig.  L'l).     it   is  an  old  a IVair,  showing  scarcely  a 


FiL'.  -M. 
r.NCiiMl'Ai.llHK   I'll:   ClUIll.l'.^    SlIOWINi.    IKONI     \Nli   HACK. 
Fifl-  20.  Jl  (Cat.    Nn    I'JW.'.    I'     >     S     M.      I   n...lii|MiilMV    lli\.  I,  lul.MMil"  l:    ■     <  "M.-.  l.  a  l,v    l',,,,i;i,il   II.',  kwilli.    1'.  S,    A.l 

NRVADA  UTK  OHAIiI.K  ;    Kl  l.T.  IlliiC.KI). 

■  ,1  s,.  I1KI40. 1   y  N.  M.  r„"m.M.nk.. N.V,    sifCnof  wliitc  coiitact,  exce|)ting  a  bunch  of  blue  rag  over  the  hood. 
i„ii,,i,,i  i.v.M.,,!,,^,,  I'.Mv,,. ,  Tbe  cradle  is  built  upon  a  thin  board  1  feet  high,  IS  iiuihes  wide  at  toj), 

lians  formerly  were  the  Sim  ami  ta]ieriiig  to  half  that  width  at  bottom.     The  covering  is  of  buck- 
ir  Basin  throughout  its  wholiSWii,  seamed  on  the  back,  and  very  clumsily  put  on.     There  arc  two 


I  *' 


.  J/ 


\  >l 


fl 


100 


|{i;r<iKT    <»h'    NAIIONAL    MlHKirM,   1MH7. 


Niispi'iisioii  .straps,  niif  iifiir  tlic  tup  aiitl  the  otlit-r  very  low  <Io\mi.    t  m 


tlic  IVoiil  {\n'  lMick>Uiii  has  l<M).s(  ll!i])s  to  iiicl()S(>  tlic  <-liil<l.     Tlii'  li 


'»y)l" 


iiwiiin^  is  ii  vt'iy  nnidiis  nlliiir,  ami  il'  (tlosj'l.v  »lra\vii  «l<»\\ii  woiilii  .  |,n^i|, 
tainl.v  ^MV»>  to  the  liicpinpa^iliir  tliild  llic  lorclu-ad  of  a  I'lallicatl 
is  a  kiinl  of  tiara,  mad*- of  liltir  t\vi;;s  lasli«'i|  to  stioii^ci -mils, 
lowt'i'  inai';;iii  over  liic  cliild's  lurclicad  i.s  ImiiiihI  witli  soft  biirL 
Tlic  liani  ciatllc  l)oaitl  allit's  il  to  tlic  N'(»rlli»'iii  l.vpc,  wlicrc  tiiid 
laij;t'r,  laliici  than  to  tlii'  piiit^  I'tt'  type,  wiicn'  a  liiirdlc^  talic 
placi'  ol"  lilt*  Itoanl. 

The  cradU'lramc  oi'  tlic  Soiillit'iii  lt«'s  is  so  \v«'ll  mIiowii  in  tlic  i 
(lra\viii;:;s  presented  a.s  not  to  need  very  minute  deserii»tion  (I'ij. 
'2A,-l).     Tlie  liaine  work   consists  ol'  tliiee  parts,  the  slats,  the  li 


iHfUt 

'ikln  e( 
Hoogtew 

Aott  1 

Al^oi 


n  ii  d( 
ngl'oi 
:o  tin- 

lie  \\\ 
laok  w 
hem  i 
ngs.  e 
,'raes  \ 
ical  tc 

The 
Vanie, 
imt's ! 

The 
\Stl  II 
>f  thu 
ttietel 

iiiB  \\ 

vest 

rbca 

llgu 
O  l)l< 

.vari  I 
lie  Im 
L'be  n 

>yii 

35.  L't; 
Till 

and  the  hood.  A  dozen  twi^s  like  airow-sliat'ts,  4  feet  lonj;,  are  lisfoi: 
in  place  ity  here  and  there  a  twim'ol'  hasketrv;  across  the  portimJ  fe«'i 
which  the  ends  of  tin-  headl)aiMl  aic  t<i  be  attached  a  rod  is  lashci  <o  as 
hohl  tiielatlice  lirinlv  in  place.  .\  hoop  of  Iwi;;,  ediptical  in  1(Mii  »Pn' 
lashed  to  the  iVaiiie  wherever  it  tonches  and  to  tin-  end  -i  of  tin;  cross  ilnunl 
To  the  nppti    Itoiiler  of  the  hoop  is  sewed  an  iiiejinlar  (piadranLi' '*'■"'; 


I'll:  CiiAiH  i;  ruAMK,  mai'i:  or  iiom*  ami  ((i\ki(i;ii  with 

I'llEs.-Kli   lir<  K-.-KlN 


ica  s,.  111,11.  (    -   \.  M. 


Il  .Il        I  ..II...  K' 


■  Mn..r  .1    W.  l'..iv,.||.; 


l)iece  of  twiin'd  basketry  weavini;.      Its  outer  border  is  sewed  to  a 
which  is  bent  and  fastened  at    its  ends  to  the  slats.     This  form- 


ack. 
be 

brefi'. 


illJ-KI'M,   ISH7. 


I 


(KADI-KS    (»!•    TIIK    AMKUICAN    AhoUKilXKH.  191 

' ""''■  ^'•''>  l<»w  'l<>\^"     'iwillii;i  of  ilir  vr.uWv.     \Vj<  aiv  iiiiw  n-ad.v  lor  llu-  t'ov.T,  wlihili  is  lurmcd 

M  lose  tlM' (•lilltl.      llirli |,ynvvi(l('   Mirer  of  llic  \vliit»'sl    iMlckskin,  \M'iip|M'<l  itil   lis  ill  liiilkili;,'  il 

(iscl.v  diiiwii  down  woiil.i  'im^ii,.,  M-wt'il  on  tlir  liiick  iiml  slit  opt'ii  in  Irnnt.     Tlit^  iippt'i'  |M.rti(»ii 
'•  l">«'l"'i><l  <•'■  1'  I'Matlit'iid    1^  ^,  I,,,,,  ,1,,,  ,„,;,,,, si  possil.l.'  Iiin^if.     A  Itimitl  hcinl  hand  ol'  soli  Inirk 
iislifd  to  stioii^'cr  rods.     I^|t^  ,.,„„pi,.|,.,(  tluMHitlil.     A  spt'cimoii  Iroiii  tUv  hiiiius  locality  varies 
is  iM.mi.l  with   sotr    l»"rl>^,,„jp^^,,,^,i„,, ,.,,,!, 

.ilhnii  t.vi.c,  wlific  tiinl        This  criidl"  iuis  the  o\ Low  fiiimc  hitlicd  Mimn  the  hack  wilii  twin's 
pc,  \viu>ro  a  liiirdlc  take     .j^^^  Iiufi-thcr  and    held    in   place   hy  a  coni  iinoiis  sci/iiitf  of  sinew. 

AUboii;;h  a  riiili^  atVair,  Mils  tiicf  isevideiitlyihie  to  tiie  hick  of  material 


is  so  well  shown  in  the  t 


11  A  desert  coiiiiti'N  rather  tliaii  to  want  of  taste  in  tiie  maker.    Theawii- 


ininnte  description  (Ki^      ugfnv  the  fa<'e  is  a  l)aiid  of  wicker, 1  inches  wide,  attached  h\  its  ends 
ce   parts,  the  slats,  the  1,  ,,^  ^^^    ,j^j^,   (.^..^ii^^.  ^^,.  ,||^.  ,,,..„ii,..     '|'|,i,s  l,.,,,,]  is  of  twined  weav  in;-,  tlic 

tveft  riiiiiiin^  hoiistrophedoii.  Notice  especially  that  caidi  half  turn  oi 
he  twine  takes  in  two  warp  twij^s.  ;iiid  tliat  when  the  weaver  turned 
)aok^^ald  she  did  not  imiose  the  same  pairsof  warp  lwi;,^s,  l)iit  twined 
heni  in  <|')i"('""*'ii>".^<  *'i'*'<"i"^' '>  mass  of  eloii;;ati>d  rhomlioidal  open 
ngi,  exactly  as  the  Aleutian  Islanders  weave  their  marveloiisly  line 
\\  />''      •  i  '  i\  ,'rass  wallets,  w  liilc  the  lie  weaving;-  is  a  model  of  coarseness  in  an  ideii- 

\,         r-l'      M  iii\  jog]  ti.(||iii(|iie. 

The  head  hand  of  luickskin  is  not  tied  immediately  to  llie  howed 
ratiM',  hut  is  knotted  to  a  loop  made  of  a  iiiiirow  string',  wonnd  three 
itnt's  around  the  frame  and  knotted.' 

The  elements  of  the  .Moki  cradle-frame  are  the  lloor  and  the  awiiiii;;-. 
\aH  loiiiidation  a  stout  slick  is  heiit  in  shape  of  tiie  oxyoke  how.  liods 
)t' the  size  of  a  lead-|M'ii<'il  are  attached  to  the  curve  of  this  how  and 
(tietched  |tarallel  to  the  liinhsof  tin  how.  'rwi;;s  are  closely  woven  on 
hiB  warp  hy  regular  basketry  wcavin;;.  Tlu'  .Moki  arc  theoidy  savaj-cs 
yt${  of  the  KocUy  .Mountains  who  practice  this  real  wicker  weaviiii;. 
File  aw  niii^,  as  the  «lrawin;;  shows,  is  a  hand  of  the  same  kiiidof  weav- 
oii  a  wai|t  of  twij;s  in  hunches  of  twosor  thi'ces.  these  lust  attached 
locks  of  wood  at  ihe  ends  i\\'  tin-  faluic.  The  awiiiii;;  is  howed  np- 
.vtJord  and  the  cud  iilocks  lushed  to  Ihe  u|i|M'r  portions  of  the  limhs  of 
he  how.  A  small  apeituii'  iii  the  llooi'  is  Ibr  coii\cuience  in  cleansiii<;, 
Ibe  next  fifiiire  shows  how  hy  usinn  parti  coloicil  and  liner  twi;>s,  and 
)y  a  dilVerent  admiuistralHin  of  the  middle  warp  strands  and  the  awn- 
lig,  pretty  varieties  of  the  same  style  of  cradle  may  he  etfe(;ted  (Fij;s. 

^Iie /iifii  (;radk'-hoard  is  wiuthy  otdiir  closest  stutly  ( l-'iy,  JT).  It 
■ow-shafts,  4  feet  loii^i',  are  li-"*  founded  on  a  roiij;li  piece  of  iioard,  hewn  out  to  an  iiicli  in  lliickness, 
hasketrv;  across  the  portim  5  fW'i  lony,  and  ahoiit  a  foot  wide.  A  pillow-rest  of  wood  is  fastened 
»  he  attached  a  rod  is  laslici  <0  as  to  steady  tlic  head.  This  is  pe>i;;ed  oi  nailed  down  to  the  hoard, 
ip  of  twi;;',  ediptical  in  lorn    •P(i\^,;i,  M.ij.  ,i.w.    i;\|i  (ii.iiion  ..iih,  ('(ii(,i;i,in  i^v.  r.  Wiisliin-ion,  l-:,"..    iic).  In 

llld    t(l  t  he  end  i  (it' till'  (!r(»SS  1  iMWl'l  '  iifiiin  llli'  lliiliiiris  ••  iiimUi'  il  wirkir  1m);ii<I  liy  lilMJIilii;  willow  s,  *      *      sew 

n  irrc'Mil'ir  nu'ulrair  I ' ''^''*"^'^'" ''"'''  '" 'i''"'' <''',!;"'•    '     "     "     inllid  m  iIk  miililh',     ■  ■    in  rniin  n 

4l/lSf,"  ,'Uiil   placi'  till'  cliihl.  w  r,'i|i|i<'il  in  liiv,  w  ittiin  I  his.     Tin  re  is  ii  w  iikcr  sIkhIi'  mI 


-.  0|-   lldlih    AM)  cliSKIIKli  WITH 
KIN 

ll.rtf.l  111  M.ir.T.I    \V.  r..«.ll.) 


WVi 


oilier  border  is  .sewi'd  to  a     .v;,      ,        ,  ,,  ,,         , 

a(|t  lii'Mil,  ioitl   the  ciiMlIc  \H  sillily 

Is  to  the  slats.     This  k)riii>  •o*ilica<i  (p  1-27). 


Ilic  iiiciMiit's  IhkU  liy  M  Hliiip   jimsnIii;;  ii\  (1  ihc 


I   fl 


'  i  1 1- 


1!)2 


HKI'oltr    (»!••    NAlKtNAI,    Ml'SKI'M,   |hx7. 


f  •  i 


• » 


(  I 


TluTt'  is  no  huckNkJn  rovcriiif;,  lint  u  scl  i»C  loops  iilouj;  tlic  cilvf. 
t«>  a('foni|ilisli  tlit>  hisliing.  TIk^  most  ciiiioiis  part  ol'  tluMippiinr 
a  si^ricH  (it  toai'  liows  or  iialf  li<i(ips  of  equal  railiiiH.  TIkvsu  aru  \vo\ 
tli<^  Hide  orili«>  li(iar<l,  as  iiHJicatcil  in  tlif  drawin;;.  A  string  is  ti 
the  top  ot  tli«>  lioaid  anil  to  «-acli  of  the  hoops  at  a  n>rtain  liistan 
that  when  llu'  loose cntl  <il  the  string  is  pulled  the  hoo[is  loriuu  '  l> 


Kit'  -.'■>• 

MiiKI   ('ll.MH.I  -FIIAMK.  OK  COAUHK   Wl(  KF.li,   Ullll 
AWNlNli. 

(C'.ll    N<i  ^'.ll.'ilil.     Mnk.   I'ui'M....   X.ixnii.i      ('..llnlr.l  liy  >{.,, 
.1    W    l',,»,.|l.  1 


MOKI    I    liAl'l.l    I  IIAMK,    IlK    l-INI'.    Wll  ^ 
>l'',MIII.IN<i  TIIK  HAi  >IKI>    MKAI.  lliA\ 
IN      rXli^lK. 


(I'.,l.  N 


li;»!P,i.   I      >    N.  M.     .M..ki  I'imI.Im 
Cullri  I.',' I.y  >i/ij.  .1.  W.  I'.iix'll. 


t(ip,"  or  adjustable  iiood  to  the  cradle.     In  no  other  eiadle  is  the 
leiii  more  delicate.     It  di'iicnds  almost  entirely  uiton  the  lied  to  i 

the  etVects  ot'tliis  cradle.     Without  examining'  the  heads  of  /iifii  Im  ose  m 

at  all  we  oiifiht  to  tind  the  occipnt  pushed  in,  tiattened,  and  asyin  ay  ti 

rical.     Should  they  lucive  otherwise,  it  is  li^ht  to  assume  a  lied  al  le  C'l 

couidenict  this  intluence.  cliibit 

The  Apache  Indians  of   Arizona   and  New  Mexico*   maUe  a  'adle 

elalioiatt'  cradle,  the  snhstantial  part  con.sistinyof  the  frame  aiiii  'enn\\ 

hood.     (Fi^.  US,  ((  h)     Tlu'  frame  is  t'lliptical  in  torm.  the  outline  I  ■  The 

formed  liy  a  |>o!e  of  wood   bent  and  the  two  ends  spliced  and  la  getlii 

Upon  this  ellijise  are  laid  laths  of  white  pine.  ]>lancil.     Over  the  cl  >  tht- 

•  IJiliKToJ't.    (Niltivi' RjicfsorOui  I'iifilir  Stiiti's.    New  Vnik.  l-r:!.     S'ol.l.)     A      ""' 
till'  A|i;i(lir,sol'tlin  I.owtT  ('(iloiivdo  llir  liii'iil  t  ic  "  is  wiilclv  sc|nir;iti'(l  In  mi  llw  n 
wliicli  uiist's  proliably  I'loiii  wading;  in  iiiarsliy  liolluins"  (p.   |7'.l). 


% 


II   Si;|!M,     IMH7. 


CUAItl.KS    or    TIIK    AMKICICAN    AHoKKUNKS. 


1!)J 


il  loops  aloii^  till'  cdi^M's  11, 
Mills  piirt  ol'  tlir  iip|iarii' 
nitliiis.  'I'licsci  arc  wov 
ilraw  in;;.  A  string;  is  ti 
oops  at  a  <Ti'taiii  distaii' 
illfd  the  lioops  loriii  a  '  I' 


s  Itiiiit  tin'  liood  CoriiH'tl   Ity  Itcialiii;;  two  I»o\vh  of  stippio  wood  to 
•ipinril  sliiipr  Mini  o\  n  liiN  in;;  tiii'iii  witli  transxri'sf  iiillisot'  piiH' 
rlost^  to^filit'i-  and  tic<l  down.    The  uppur  ed^cs  ol'  tlu>Hi'  latlis 
'  ire  ,)[)i'v  ••li'il,  so  as  lo  ;;ivt' a  pivtty 
'  'ifeft    to  til*-  fiiiM'd   siiit'act'.     'I'Ik! 

I'iililt'i  NMiilt  on   tlio  cradle  roiisistH 

it*  ||IK'>'>li'  <>'  wliiti>  l>iii;kskiit  to  tliu 

lood,  :i  liindiii;;'  ol'  liiown  l)iici<skin 

III   to  till*    liowt'd    I'laiiii'    alioM-   I  lie 

mod,  V  <iiii'Kat(><l  witii  narrow  iiands 
\>l'  wiiiii'  l)iit-kskiii,  and,  liiiall\,  tlio 

li'Uehidfs  or  capsiilt'  of  tlit'  i'imiIIc, 

otUlislin;;  ol'  a  strip  of  soft  luowii 

Mioflsi^iii,  say  10  iinrjics  wide,  cut  in 

f'rinyt' :iloii^;ils   lower   liuider  and 

dged  Willi  lViii;L:e  III' while  bm-kskin 

oug  its    upper    oilier  «'d;ie.     This 

trip  is  fastened   to  lint  eiiidie  eon- 

iiuonsly,  eiiinineiiein^  at   iiii  upper 

largiii  of  tlie  awnin;;,  (Mi'iied  aloii;; 

lis  awniii;:.   I'asleiied    lo  ils   lower 

largiM    I   inches  aliove  the  iniielioii 

t  tbe  awniii;;   and  tVaine,  passes  on 

)  ^i>  foot  and  aroiiiVl  lo  the  other 

de,  as  al   lirst.     Slits  me  made  in 

i«  U|iper  ed;;(' ol    llie   Itrowii  iiiiek- 

via,    JnsI     lieldw    wlieie    ilie    white 

iK^skin  lriii;:e  is  sewed  nr   run  on,  and    liaek   and    foiwiii'd  tlii'oii;;li 

lak  slits  a  iiroad  soli    hand  of  Itnekskiii   piisses  to  form  the  eradle 

sfti;:'.  To  perfect  the  oi  namentalioii  of  this  beautiful  object,  tassels 
ickskin  in  two  colois,  nnd  sli  iii;;s  of  red,  white,  and  blue  beads  are 
ised  With   ;;rcat   Ciiie.     Thanks   to  the  ;;eiierosit,v  of  I'lieiids  liviii;^ 

•  S«»'  frontier,  it  is  possible  to  leprodiice  from  photo'-raphs  (he  method 
In  no  other  «'iadle  is  the  pr&Btenin;;  the  child  in  the  cradle.  ^Im;,'.  -'.•.)  A  bed  of  fur  lies  between 
'iitirelv  upon  the  bed  to  iin'ieHick  of  the  infant  and  the  Moor  of  the  cradle.  Tlu^  head  is  ]ierfectly 
inin;;  the  heads  of  Ziifii  Imi:  (w  iiiid  free  diiriii;;  wakiii;;  imimeiits.  Indeed,  there  is  always  fife 
cd  in,  tiattcned,  and  asyini  ajrto  the  child's  head  in  nil  cradles  except  on  the  Pncitic  coast  ;iroiind 
s  ri;;ht  tu  assiiiiic  a  bod  al'iie  Cojiimbia    Uiver  and   I'liyct    Sound.     Another  dr.iwiiiy-  (I''i;;.  '.'>{)) 

cliibits  the  method  of  niirsiii;;  llic  babe  withoiif  removing  if  from  tlio 
d  New  Mexico*  make  a  v'adlt'.  Finnlly,  !•"!;;.  M  shows  an  infant  and  a  small  child  that  have 
lousistin;;  of  the  frame  ami  Jeilsuliiectctl  to  the  cradle  board. 

)ti(!al  in  form,  the  (uitliiie  li  Tl|t'  <'i'adle  frame  of  the  Xavajos  is  made  of  two  pieces  of  wood  lushed 

.'  two  eihls  spli(;ed  and  1:l^l  gW^'i' >"<(>  iis  to  make  the  upper  eml  or  head  in  slia]ie  like  a  boot-Jack. 

l)iiie,  planed.     Over  the  cl:i>tlle  sides  ol  these  boards  loiiu  loops  of  buckskin  are  attached  lo  aid 

XrwVi.ik   l«7:!     \'i>l  I.)    \    tJ*c  hishin;,' (Im;;-.  ;!•-').     A   new  feature  in  western  cradles  iijipcais  in 

■Ms  wi,l..|vsri.illiltctirinillllliM.''  M.Mis.  (ll)O,   pi .  'J !,'{ 

Ill.ltOllls"  (p.    I7'.t). 


KiK.  -'7. 

Zl'Kl  ClIAhl,!-'.'!  IIAMR. 

(fill.  N...  liWIIS.  r.  ».  N.  M.     /...ill  I'm.I.I.,,  S,'w  M.'llrn 
('<illvit.*<t  liy  ^■^l\.  ,ln f*lfv.'rn.MM. 


MdKI    «   llAlil.K-  I  IIAMK.    (II-    FINK   Wl(  h 
hK.MIll.lN(i  TllK  H.M  IlKli   MKAI.  IIIAV 

IN     rsiijiK. 


iir"^!.!,  I 

r,, Ik, 1.1 


>    \    M.     Mi.ki  I'' 
l.y  M.I    .1    W,    I'm 


I  t 


V 


H 


If 


',  .i 


h 


104 


KKI'OUT    OK    NATIONAL    Ml'SEUM,   IH«7. 


tlu'  si)ociin(Mi  tifjiirt'd.  It  is  tlie  tbotboiird,  so  coiniiKtu  in  all  tin 
UDiikiii  and  Ir(M|niiis  specimens.  The  pillow  is  to  be  noticed  espe(  i 
(•(Hisistinfj-  of  soft  fnrs  and  laj^s  rolled  up  in  soft  ImcksUin  and  fash; 
to  tli«'  board.  The  awninji  Irame  is  a  wide  bow  of  thin,  hard  \ c 
over  wliicli  falls  a  wide,  Ion;;;  vail  or  llap  of  buckskin.  This  <Tadir  \ 
collected  i>.v  Dr.  If.  W.  Sl.ufeldt,  V .  8.  Army,  who  kindly  made  m 
invt'stij^ations  relative  to  the  use  aud  ell'ect  of  the  Navajo  cradle. 


Fig.  28. 

Al'AC  lir    rilAliI.r.      FlIiiNT    ANli   liAl  K    VIKW. 

(Cat.   N.I.   -Jl.'ia.l,    I      s    .N     .M       ,^n^|.lla  T.Tril.,iy      J(.M,-.l.-.i  l.y    In      I     II.  Wlul,.,   V    S    A.) 

Of  some  two  or  throe  dozen  children  of  all  aj^es  from  the  infani 
wards  that  I  have  examined  I  have  yet  to  lind  a  case  wherein  tln^  N.r 
mother  has  not.  taken  the  special  i)recaution  to  place  a  soft  and  in 
pad  in  the  cradle  to  protect  the  back  of  the  child's  head.  Morti 
I  have  yet  to  see  a  case,  except  for  a  few  days  or  more  in  the 
youngest  of  babies,  where  the  head  is  strapped  at  all.  On  tlie  ^ 
hand,  this  part  of  the  bo  ly  is  allowed  all  possible  freedom.  I  am 
enabled  to  jjresenta  picture,  whicli  shows  v'xactly  the  method  enipli 
by  these  .squaws  in  both  carryinj;'  and  .strappinj?  their  babies  in 
cradle  (Ti;;'.  .'i.'5.) 

ft  will  at  once  be  observed  that  the  head  of  the  child  is  perfectly  : 
and  that  it  luvs  been  mipplied  with  a  thick  and  soft  pillow  at  the  1 


of  It, 
last  d( 
form  I 
ineasii 
of  the 

Id( 
differi 
occasi 
I  ooul 
back  I 
it  wa.-- 

Ani 
this  i; 
alwny 
up  in 
suBtai 
pres.si 
back  • 
We  ot 
plajii 
when 
Anion 
self-; 
ted  li: 
heads 
girl,  \ 
Aoat( 

Tlie 
ia  con 
thoui: 
to  ma 
differi 
thfj  pi 
order 
I  hav 
have 
tinua 
that 
but  I 
Hkul 

NoM 

way, 
head 
I'd 
was  \ 
and  :i 


MfSKUM,    ISK7. 


OUADLKS    OV    I'lIK    AMKKICAN    AHOKIGINKS. 


195 


ml,  so  coiniiion  in  all  tli> 
low  is  to  lu'  iioticA'd  cspt'i  :i 
ill  soft  buckskin  and  fash: 
\vi(li>,  bow  of  thin,  lianl  wi 
of  bnckskin.  This  cradli 
t\riii\,  wlio  kindly  made  » 
L'ct  of  the  Navajo  cradle. 


AMI    HA(  K    VIKW 

.lli-it.'.i  l.v    llr      1     II.  Wli.i,..   |-    S    A.) 

of  all  aj;«'s  fi(»Mi  the  infant 
1)  find  a  ease  wheiein  the  N.i 
ntion  to  place  a  soft  and  iin 
[if  tiie  child's  head.  Moni 
few  days  or  more  in  the  ^ 
strapped  at  all.  On  the  n 
11  possible  fieedoiM.  I  am  ! 
vs  'xactly  the  method  emph 
1  strai)iiiii{?  their  babies  in 

;'ad  of  tln^  child  is  i)erfectl.\  '• 
lick  and  Huft  (tillow  at  the  I 


oif  it,  whereas  the  body  and  limbs  have  been  stra|)ped  nj)  almost  to  the 
liUSt  dejiiee.  This  child  has  li};lil,  thin  hair,  throii^rh  which  the  {j«''>*'»"'l 
form  of  the  skull  could  be  easily  examined,  but  alter  the  most  carefnl 
ineaenrements  I  faile<l  to  detect  any  llattening  of  the  occipital  region 
of  the  head. 

In  examining  the  lull  blooded  infants  of 
different  ages  of  this  tribe  of  Indians  I 
occasionally  found  one  wherein  1  thought 
I  oonhl  satisfii(!torily  determine  that  the 
back  ol  its  head  was  unduly  llattened,  but 
it  was  by  no  means  always  the  case. 

Another  thing  must  be  remembered,  and 
this  is  that  these  Navajo  women  do  imt 
always  keep  their  infants  thus  strapi)e<l 
up  in  their  cradles,  anil  this  fact  goes  to 
sustain  the  jn'oposition  tiiat  whatever 
pressure  is  bi ought  to  bear  against  the 
back  of  their  heads,  it  is  not  a  constant  one. 
We  ollen  see  here  the  litth'  Navajo  babies 
plaj'ing  about  for  hours  together  at  a  tiiiie 
when  they  are  scarcely  aide  to  walk. 
ABBong  older  children  1  have  satisfied  my- 
self— as  well  as  I  could  thi'oiigh  their  mat- 
ted hair — that  the  hinder  region  of  their 
heads  was  flattened,  but  it  never  seemed  to  ecpial  that  of  the  Navajo 
girl,  which  I  have  illustrated  in  the  October  number  of  the  .lournal  of 
Anatomy. 

Tliere  can  be,  1  think,  no  (luestioii  but  that  I'rof.  Sir  William  Turner 
is  otu'iect  in  regard  to  its  being  not  <»nly  a  <listortioii  but  due  to  pressure, 
thongli  it  would  appear  from  Ihe  examinations  wlii(;h  I  have  been  able 
to  make  that  at  some  time  or  other  the  strap|)ing  must  have  been  very 
differently  ai)plie(l.  To  piudiice  post«'rior  llattening  of  the  skull  alone 
till  pressure  must  be  applied  only  iijion  that  side,  and  to  do  this,  in 
orHer  to  prodiK'c  aiiytliing  like  the  extraordinarily  distorted  skull  that 
I  6ave  tignrcil  in  my  second  pajiei  on  this  snbjecf,  the  child  would 
bd^e  to  have  its  head  against  a  hard  board  for  a  long  time  and  con- 
titiually  kept  there.  it  it  were  stiapped  it  must  be  (juitc  obvious 
thlt  a  certain  amount  of  I'nuital  llattening  would  also  be  jn'oduced, 
but  I  have  never  discovered  such  a  distortion  in  any  of  the  Navajo 
skulls. 

How,  so  far  as  I  have  seen,  they  do  not  treat  their  children  in  this 
Wiy,  but,  as  1  have  said,  always  give  them  a  soft  pillow  and  leave  the 
hfpd  free. 

J'erliaps  ill  former  times  tjic  strapping  of  their  babies  in  tlie.se cradles 
wills  very  dillereiit  IVom  liir  iiKiliods  now  employed  among  this  tribe, 
atld  again,  the  tpiesti«)n  ol  heredity  may  jiossibly  enter  into  the  subject, 


Fit;,  '-!»• 
Ai'AHiK  Woman  cAHKViNii  ciiiLi). 


in 


'.    <t 


hk; 


KKl'OKT    OK    NAllONAL    MlSKl'M,   ISm7. 


or  more  cxtiMidcd  obscrviitioiis  niiiy  piovi'  that  this  fliiltctliiipf  ol  t 


TIh 


skull  only  occurs  in  a  ccrtaiii  jtroportioii  of  tlic  rc'ia'cst'iitatives  ot  ii  '"^''.y 
race,  iiuil  not  iu  every  iiidivKlual. 


sotLi 
iliiriii 
t  ion,  I 
so  th 
leiigtl 
was  t 
was  I 


Via-  :"'• 

Ai'A'  Hi:    MiiiiiKii  NiiiMiNi.  C'llll.l). 

I-  l'l|..|,,„;,,,|, 

Dr.  I.'.  W.  SlmtcMt.  i:.  S.  Army,  sent  to  Prof.  Sir  William  Tiiriin. 
lOdiiihiirjili,  a  Navaj<»  skull,  wliicli  is  (Icscribcd  in  tlie  Journal  of  An 
oiiiy  and  I'liysioloi^y,  vol.  \\.  p.  l.'iO,  as  follows:  The  skull  itresentti 
well- marked  parietooccipital  llat  ten  in. u,  obviously  diu^  toartilieial  \)V>- 
ure,  wlncli  had  been  applied  so  as  to  cause  the  snprasquanious  i)ai; 
the  occijjital  bone  and  the  jxisteiior  three-fourths  of  the|»arietid  to  si' 
u|>wards  and  forwards.  The  frontal  rej;ion  did  not  exhibit  any  tlaii 
inj:',  so  that  in  this  individinil,  and  it  may  be  in  his  tribe  of  Jndians. 
jiressnre  applied  in  infancy  was  ai»paiently  limited  to  the  back  ol 
bead.  Owinj^- to  this  artificial  distortion  the  lonj^itudinal  <liametci 
the  head  was  diminished,  and  the  cc|dialic  index  !ll.(»,  com|»nted  n 
Dr.  Shnfeldl's  measuremcnis  of  (lie  length  and  breadth,  was  IIu'it! 
liif^'her  than  it  would  ha\«'  been  in  an  undefornu>(l  .skull.  The  cram 
was  hyperbrachyceithalic. 


pracil 
;oiica 
liatuc 
hie  ii 
]m  Bii 
erior 
rheti 
imete 


UI.'SKUM,   1W7. 

vi>  tliiit  tliis  tlaltcniiifj  ol  ! 
of  tlic  ie[»rfSL'Utatives  ol  ii 


197 


ORAin.KS    Ol-    •rili;    AMHUICW    AlioUlUINKS. 

Till'  Iniulil  of  tlic  sKiill  WHS  iilso  very  cniisidcral)!*'  ami  icarlinl,  as 
may  '>•'  si  in  fmm  tlir  laiilr.  1  l."i  inilliinrtci.^:  tlic  \rrtir.il  iml<'\  w.is  .S!>, 
sotbai  till' sUiill  was  liy|tcia'ao('i'|)iialic.  In  all  |iri»l)aliilil,\  ilii'  prcssmv 
iliiriii^  infancy,  ■Nvliicli  slmrtcni'il  rlu' sknil  in  its  anlcioposlcriui' direc- 
tion, forcod  the  vertex  upwards  and  added  to  the  Iieijilit  (»f  the  <'raniiiiri, 
so  tliat  tho  liigh  vertical  index  was  occasioned  both  by  diminished 
length  and  increased  height.  The  skull  wi'.s  ery|)to/,y^()Us,  for  not  only 
was  the  breadth  iiitlie  parietal  lejiion  urcat.biit  the  Stephanie  diameter 
was  l.'5T  millimeters.     The  <;laliella  was  not  very  prominent,  but  the  ,sn 


iM.  Cnii.i). 


Fif.'.  31. 
ArAciii:  Mdi  111:11  Willi  Ciiii.nKr.N, 

IKr..rn  pliotner  ii.li. 


to  Prof.  Sir  William  Turner, 
scribed  in  tlie  Journal  of  An 
follows:  Tiie  skull  presenile 
obviously  due  to  artificial  pi ' 
use  th(^  snprasipnnnons  pan 
'e-fourths  of  the  parietal  <<>  ^''pragiij.,,.^  vidgea  were  tliick  and  stroiij,'.  The  i.ridue  of  the  nose  was 
;ion  did  not  exhibit  any  '!""  .o,,^,,,.,.  forward,  so  that  the  tip  projected  to  the  front.  The  basi-nasal 
ay  bo  in  liis  tribe  ot  Jiidians.  liam,.^,.,,  ^^.,,^  1(15  millimeters  ;  tiiebasi  alveolar  !>S  miliimeters,  the  yiia- 
ntly  limited  to  the  back  ol  j^j^^  ^^^^^^^^  ^^..^^  ,,.5^  .^i^^,  ^^^^^  ^,.||„  ^^..^^  „rtho,!'iialliic.  The  nasal  spine  of 
i.ii  the  lonjiiludinal  «l'i""«'"'' i,e  siiiierior  maxilla-  was  moderate.  \Vli(«re  the  side  walls  of  the  aii- 
lidic  index  Ml.d,  computed  ^  ^,^1^^.  „ares  joined  the  lloor  the  mar-i"  «>l'  the  openino-  was  rounded. 
Mtli  and  breailth,  was  <''«''■' '['he  traiisversediameterof  theorbit  was  10  millimeters,  (he  vertical  di- 
ndeformed  skull.     Tho  tiram^m^j^.^,  .^^.^  ^,,^j  „rbital  index  was  !t(l,  and  the  orbit  was  megasenu'.     The 


^ 


t 


■ai'.M'»wL— .wv 


''  I" 
1 1 


I 


I  > 


198 


KKI'CtKT    OK    NATIONAL    MUSEUM,   1«87. 


nasiil  Wiis  IS  niilliiiM'tcis.  IIic  iinsiil  widtli  '2't,  llic.  luisal  index  \\;\ 
and  tlii>  nose   was  nu'sorliint".     The  palato maxillary   Icnj-lii   \va> 
the  pahito  inuxillary  width  was  7li  iiiilliinctorH;  the  palato  iiiaxilhii  \ 
(U'x  was  128,  and  tlie  roof  of  tiic  month  was  hracli.vuranic;.     The  ti 
were  all  erupted  and  not  worn.    The  cranial  sutures  were  all  unossHh 


tlirou 
many 
leatbt 
Goi 
jarrj. 
\Vhei 
[toles. 
iTTSn 
Uitut( 
)ome 


Fie.  :!•-'• 

NaVA.Mi   (1.  Mil.K:    Kn.I.ltKiCKIi 

I  UK  I'Udiii'.ii  wiitr. 

Fri-rii  :\r,ii.rta. 


Ol- 


FiR.  33. 

N.\VA.IO    CH.MiI.K.    with    WdllUKN    lllii 
AWMSci   liK   lililiSsKli   Ill'CK^KlN 

C.il.  .V...  larUl.'i.  I     s,  N.  M       K,,rl  Wifi«al.-.  N.  .. 

(nil,.,  1^,11. V  lir.  n.  \v.  .<i,iir.i,ii.  r. s.  \ 

The  parieto-splienoid  suture  in  tiie  pterion  was  1!)  niiilinieters  in  am 
posterioi'  diameter.  Tliere  were  no  Wormian  bones.  The  anterim 
oftlie  interior  turbinated  bone  was  abnost  in  tiiesame  plane  as  Ihi 
terior  nares. 

Tile  (^rHUiinc'lie  ormlje  ((i!>"<>)^w~~UuLJUOK^prtmltj,vt»-wa(ne  in  tin 
tional  Musvum  (Kij^JUjT^Tis  a  atrip  of  blaeiv  bear  sic  in  'M)  inches  I 
and  20  w.ide,  doubled  together  in  form  of  a  cradle  frame.     Aloiii: 
side  eiliriijijoops  ol  buckskin  are  made  to  receive  the  lacing.     Tlie 


are  fornu'd  as  follows:  A  buckskin  strinj,^  is  j)assed  tliioufjh  a  hcl 
the  bearskin  and  the  lonj^er  end   passed  tlirouf'ii  a  slit  or  cut  in 
shorter  eml.     Tiie  loiiy  end  is  then  passed  tiinuif^Ii  the  next  hoh 
drawn  until  a  loop  of  antlicient  sizi^  is  left ;  a  slit  is  made  in  the  si 
uear  tlu;  last  bole  passed  throu}>h,  and  then  the  whole  lasliiug  is  di 


C( 


TbJ 

hU8< 

ind 

ashei 

asbii 

hrou 

itriu{ 

*Ha 

'or  He> 
lip,  Ol 


irSKCM,   1887, 


CRADLKS    OF    TIIK    AMERICAN    AHORIOINES. 


199 


L'.""»,  tilt',  iiiisal  iiidrx  \v;i  Miroiigli  lliis  slit.  This  .scivcs  flic  piii'ijose  ol'a  knot  at  each  hoh',  as  in 
it(»  iiiaxiilaiy  Iciijith  wii>  many  other  i'ladlcs.  A  l'ooti»icci' oC  bcarsUin  is  sowed  in  with  <;oars<.i 
tors;  tlio  pahitoinaxillai .  leather  strinfj.* 

vas  brach.vnranic.     Tho  In     Governor  Stevens  (Ind.  Atl,  Kept.,  IS.")!)  says  the  IMackfeet  women 
ial  sutures  were  all  unossiiii  '^arry  their  eliihlrcn   in   tlieir  arms  or  in  a   rohi^  licliiiid  their  baeks. 

\Tlieu  traveling,  the  children  ar>' placed  in  sac  its  of  skin  on  the  tent 

l>oles.     ILsa.^i^^tH>^  el■^J*^^j  ^.t^nLy-tisyut.     We  have  in  this  mention  a  par 

.^  dlel  to  the  Comanche  type.     Note  also  the  u.so  of  still'  rawhide  as  a  sub- 

^f.  Uitule  or  antecedent  of  boards  to  secure  stitt'ness.     The  subject  will 

pome  up  again  in  speaking  of  the  Sioux  aud  other  Easteru  cradles. 


'-mii 


Fiji.  ;i:t. 

S'AVAJO    CIIAIHB,    Willi     WOdliKN     III" 
AWNIN<i  l)l'   llltliSKKIi   m'IKsKIN 

Cal.   N.,.  I'-Wlfi.  r    S.  N.  M.      Furl  \ViM«;il.-.  N.» 
(■nll,.,lr,l  liV  Mr,   li.   W.  Sliiit.ldl,   I',  S.    \ 


on  was  1!)  millimeters  in  aiiii 
rmian  bones.  The  anterioi  . 
[)8t  in  the  same  plane  as  tin 

io&t-iti4uutiY«^-w;iidJe^  in  tin 
f  black  bearskin  30  incihet-  i 
of  a  cradh'  frame.     Aloiiu 
(Tretieive  thelacing.     T'he  i' 
ing  is  passed  tliiough  a  lid' 
<ed  through  a  slit  or  cut  in 
s.sed  through  the  next  hoh 
eft  ;  a  slit  is  made  in  the  sii 
then  the  whole  lashing  is  di 


FiL'.  :u. 

COMANCIIK  (MtAlll.K  (II-  TIIK  ItniKsr 
boiu,  MADK  OK  A  MII'K  V\¥XV.  OK 
Itl.AI  K    IIKAU'HKI.N. 


(Cm.  N...  iwii,  r  s.  .V.  M     T. 

Kaw.ir.l  I'iiliii.  I 


(  ..I!.',  l.d  l,y 


Fis.  ns. 

I'll.ACKIK.I  r  rilAIH.K.    MAl'E  OF    I.AT- 
~-       llrr  WiiHK     V^'ll   IJ.'VI'lil'i) 

'Cm.  N..    ll'.M.I,  r.  S.  \.  Jl.     TfXiis.     C.llsrtdJby 
K.lwir.l  I'l.liiivr.  I 


The  frame  illustrated  by  Fig.  W'y  belongs  to  the  latticed  type,  and  is 
lius constructed:  Two  stri|)s  of  narrow  board,  otten  native  hewn,  wider 
ind  further  ai>arl  at  the  upper  end,  are  held  in  ]tlace  by  croas-i)ieces 
a8be<1  and  apart  just  the  length  of  the  leather  cradle  sheath.  This 
ashing  is  very  ingeniously  done ;  four  holes  an  inch  aj)art  are  bored 
hroogh  the  frame  board  and  cross-piece  at  the  corners  of  a  stjuare,  a 
itring  of  buckskin  is  |»assed  backward  and  forward  from  hole  to  hole 

•Bancrol't  (NalUc  I'fiiccM  of  tlic  I'acitii;  States.  N.  Y'.,  \^T.\,  vol.  I):  As  soon  ana 
^oinanclii)  eliilii  is  lioi'U  "  it  is  r,isli'iii'(l  to  a  .small  lioard  by  liaiiila;^<'s,  and  so  canit-il 
or  seviM'iil  iiioiillis  on  the.  liaiK  of  I  lit'  niotlicr.  Later  tlie  child  tides  on  tlio  luotlier'.s 
lip,  or  is  eurried  on  her  liaik  in  a  li.i^kel  or  lilanUct  "  (pp.  013,  514). 


200 


Ur.I'OlM'    OK    NAII(»NAI.    MlSKl'M,    IssT. 


*  •  I, 


)' 


n 


I 


f\ 


\ 


iiml  tlu'lwo  fiiils  lied,  (ir  oiir  riitl   is  |>;is.sci|   ||iniii;;li  :i   .slil  ciil  m 
oilier.     '11  If  l.isliiliy  lilies  mil  einss  I  he  st|ii;iie  oiicil  liei'  siile  (li)i};iii; 
Above  the   ii|i|ier  eross-jiitH;!'   the   tiiiiiie   jiieces  proiect  ii   foot  ;ii  .i 
slrninhteiieil   iilop   like  feiiee   pieUeis.      DisUs  of  (ieriiiiiii   silver 
lii'iiss-lieiiileii   iiiiils  jire  used   in   prol'iision  to   roriii   Viuioiis  ^'eiiini 
nriiiiiiieiits;   upon  tliii  front  of  the  fninie,  between  the  eidss-piiri 
strip  of  bntfalo  hide  is  sewn,  with  riiwliidei  siriiij''  |iassin<;  tlirouj;li  1 
liored  in  with  the  hiiir  side  (the  side  jMeces)  towards  the  eradiebi  i 
The  ineiosiii^i-  case  is  a  shoe-siia|ied  baj;'  niad«'  of  a  NiM;;le  pi.^ 
soft   deer  skin   lashed  toj^'ether  half  wav  on   top  in   Hie  usual  ni;iir 
and  kept  oiieii  aioniid  the  face  by  a  stilVenin^df  biilValo  leather  oi  : 
hide.     A  small  oiieiiinji-  is  left  oiiposite  the  penis,  and  a  stitfenin;;  | 
keeps  the  iiaj;  open  at  the  lect.     This  case  is  attached  to  the  fi:ii  n 
thoii.i;  lashiiijis.     Little  slcij;li  bells,  bits  of  leather,  feathers,  etc.  i 
plelc  the  ornamentation  (I'if;-  '''»)• 


n^;.  ;;(j.  \'\ti-  'Mil- 

Oi;l.AM.\    SkiIX    CliAlH.K.                                                                         OlM.Al.l.\   Sliil\    WoMAN. 
Silllilill        til      Kiy.    :i.'l,    V       :>  T,ur.„l,   I 

(Cut,  N...  TMr-.'      <::,.  k  II    I1-,  |l,l..l:i    I 

The  Sioiix  cradle  is  a  frame  of  two  diverginfi;  slats,  ])aintcd  yc 
held  ill  place  at  the  head  and  foot  by  cross-slats,  lashed  as  in  tii' 
iiiaiiche  cradle,  with  this  dilVeiciice,  that  the  strinji'  crosses  betweci 
holes  diagonally.  This  is  true,  but  may  have,  no  si{;nilicanc,e.  The 
ot  the  side  jiieces  i)roject  above  the  cradle  sack  at  least  IS  inches. 


ire  stii 

\s  in  t 

)f  calii 

ihaped 

d"  hull 

aid  on 

>'i  a  w 

I  roper 

s  then 

.8  to  f(l 

lally  ai 

olored 

leather 

triugs 

bont  t 

hich  !• 

ml  tbi 

last  re 

Anot 

irved 

ainted 

f  side 

f  doll 

■ack-bi 

lot-ref' 

ork  ii 

I'ated 

Mr.  ( 

illecti 

ide; 

aiiitei 

lake 

{)eiiiii 

nng 

is 

radle 

"eight 

iches 

"Thi 

eculii 

iem,t 

eeu  a 

d'auc 

mda^ 

ley  a 

)ld 

•oa<l 


-  \ 


Ml  si;rM,  iss;. 

sell   I  Iii<)M;;Ii   ;i   .slil  nil  :  i 
iiUK'  on  ritlicr  siilt-  tliii^im 

]ii('l('.S     plojcct    il     loot    ill     1 

I  >i>Ks   of  (Iniiiaii   sil\  i  : 

II  to     Inl  III     VillioilS    J;('CM  , 

',  bctwcrii  \\\v  noss  pit  n 
»'  sliiii^'  pussiiij;-  tliroiijili  I 
I's)  tdWiiKls  tilt'  (M'adlt'lii  I 
),\'^  iiiuilc  (if  a  siii^in  \)\v, 
on  lop  in  llif  usual  iim' 
imi^of  liiill'alo  leatlicr  oi 
i«'  prnis,  aiitl  a  stitri'iiin^  I 
sc  is  attaclii'd  to  tliu  IVain 
of  h'atluT,  IVatluTs,  etc.. 


CUAHLKS    OK    nil',    AMKUIt'AN    AMOUIGIXKS. 


201 


Oi^i.Ai.i.A  SiDi  X  Woman. 

,Fr..iiM.ll..l(.|)r»|'l'  ) 

livi'i'ging  sliits,  painted  yt 
cross-slats,  laslicd  as  in  tli 
:  tlic  striii};'  crosses  lictwcci 
have,  no  sif;iiilie,ance.     TIic 
idle  sack  at  least  IS  inclu-s. 


ire  studded  Willi  Inass  headed  nails  in  sliai^hl  lines  (Ki^-s.  . 'JO,  .'!(!  fr). 
\n  ill  the  roiiianclie  ciadle  there  is  a  bottom  or  inattiass,  and  a  (piilt 
)f  calico,  lined,  supplants  the  hiilValo  hide.  'I'lie  l»ab,v-case  is  shoe- 
shaped,  the  pail  aroiiiiit  the  head  and  shonldeis  stilVened  with  a  liiiiii;.;' 
>r  hnflalo  leather.  All  over  the  «»ntside  of  the  l)al)y(;ase  head-work  is 
aid  on  in  };eoinetrie  itatterns  of  bine,  red,  yellow,  ^reen,  and  bine-black 
Ml  a  white  <;rouiid.  The  beads  are  strunj;  on  a  line  sinew  thread  in 
•  roper  niiinber  and  color  to  extend  t|iiite  across  the  cast^  This  .string 
s  then  tacked  down  at  intervals  of  three-t'onri lis  of  an  inch  so  legidarly 
,s  to  form  coiitiiiiioiis  creased  lines,  extending  fioin  the  foot  longitiidi- 
lally  rtronnd  the  baby-case  to  the  foot  on  the  other  side.  St  reamers  of 
alored  tajieand  ribbon  take  the  phute  of  old-fashioned  strin;;s,  fur,  and 
leathers.  The  edges  of  the  lower  half  of  the  case  are  joined  by  four 
triugs  tied  .separately,  instead  of  the  universal  lashing.  Then^  are 
bout  this  cradle  .several  marks  of  inoditicaiion  by  (!oiilact  with  whites, 
inch  show  at  the  same  time  the  tenacity  with  which  old  forms  remain 
nd  th<'  readiness  with  which  they  yield  to  pressure  at  the  jioiiits  of 
'ast  resistance,  indicating  also  where  the  points  of  least  resistance  are. 
Anotlier  specimen  of  Sioux  cradle  has  thi'  back-I»oard  sijnare  at  top, 
irvert  and  painted,  barrow-shaped,  like  last,  awning-frame  biMit  and 
ainted,  covering  cloth  (lecorate<l  with  beads.  It  is  tacked  around  edge 
f  8ide  board,  brought  up  and  laced  in  tiie  middle  like  a  shoe.  .Model 
f  doll  with  iron  necklace.  Length,  -8'f  inches;  width,  l.'>  inches. 
•ack-board  carved  on  front  above;  back  liiiu^e  has  large  rounded  ends; 
lOt-rest  low,  curved  around  at  bottom;  cradle  covered  over  with  <piill- 
ork  in  red,  white,  and  black;  pattern,  lo/cnges,  men,  lior.M's,  etc.;  dec- 
rated  with  iron  bells;  o|)eniiig  across  ci'atlle  cover  in  middle.  (Fig.  I'll.) 
Mr.  Catlin  thus  descrilies  the  Sionx  cradle,  from  a  -■iieciinen  in  his 
•llection,  and  the  early  life  of  the  Hionx  infant:  "'The  back-board  is 
ide;  wedge  shapeil  opening  made  by  cutting  piece  out  of  top;  top  is 
ainted  and  decoiated  with  beads;  cradle  has  bent  wood  sides,  which 
lako  it  like  a  barrow  :  the  head-pad  i-^  over  the  lower  part  of  the  wedge- 
pening:  ash  awningtraine.  The  ends  of  this  are  fastened  to  a  rod 
[>ing  across  the  back,  by  a  device,  which  may  be  called  an  ear  mortise, 
is  beld  down  over  rod  by  an  iron  dog  fastened  to  side  of  cradle. 
radle,  -HA  inches  long,  I'J  inches  wide;  length  of  side  board,  L'A  inches; 
'eight,  l.h  inches;  height  of  awning-frame,  14^  iiuthes;  width,  Ui.h 
iches. 

"The  custom  of  carrying  the  cliih^  among  the  Mississippi  Sioux,  is  not 
eculiar  to  this  tribt-,  but  belongs  alike  to  all,  as  far  as  I  have  yet  visited 
iem,and  also  as  far  as  i  have  been  able  to  learn  from  travelers  who  have 
ueii  amongst  tribes  that  1  have  not  yet  seen.  The  child,  in  its  earliest 
nifaucy,  has  its  back  lashed  to  a  straight  board,  being  fastened  to  it  by 
,indages,  which  pa.ss  around  it  in  trout,  and  on  the  back  of  the  board 
ley  are  tightened  to  the  necessary  degree  by  lacing-strings,  whiidi 
)ld  it  in  a  straight  and  healthy  position,  with  its  feet  resting  on  a 
.'oad  hoop,  which  [)asses  aioiind  the  foot  of  the  cradle,  and  the  (ihi  Id's 


>¥ 


202 


Ur.rolM'    OK    NAIhlNAI.    MlISKl'M,   IH«7. 


I 


|iosilioii  (iis  ii   iiilrs  nil  its  iiiollin's  Itat'k,  sii|)|iiirtt>il  lt,v  a  liniinl 
that  passi's  across   her   loifliratl),   lliil    nl'  slaiidiii;;   frcet,  win.  n 

doiilit,  lias  a  lfiiil«-iic\  to  pi  n; 

^  TI  ri'T  fir  %MrL  m.-^  sHai-liI  liml.s,  soiiii.i  luii^  . 

reel   tliawiii;;  of  a  Sioux  i  i 
\\lii(;li    JH    ill   iiiy   collcctioi; 
was  |Mirclias('(l  IVom  a  Hioii\ 
man's  itacU,  as  slni  was  can, 
her  iiit'aiit  in  it,  as  is  nihmi   n 
tci  c  ol'  the  same  phitc. 

"  III  this  instance,  as  is  i^ 
tlie  case,  the  [)aii(hij;«'s  tiiai  i 
aioiind    tiie   cradh*,   hohlin ; 
chiUI  in,  are  all  the  \va,v  en, 
witii    a    heaiitil'nl   enihioidi  i 
porcii]n!ie  (|iiills,  with  in^i  i. 
li;;nres   ol    horses,   men,  eli 
lii'oad  hoop  <>r  elastic  wooti  |  i 
around  in  I'loiit  of  the  child- 
to  protect  it  in  (^ase  of  a  tall   i 
the  front  of  which  is  siispeiMl< 
littli!  to.v  of  exipiisite  '  .noinii 
for  ih(>  child  to  handle  and  ;>ii 
itself  With.    To  this  and  otli<  i 
tie  trinkets  han^iii^  in  tVi  n 
it  there  are  attached  iiian.v  I 
tinseled  and  tinkliii;;' thin;;sni 
lnijihtest  colors  to  amuse  both  the  eyes  and  the  ears  of  the  child.    \\ 
tiav«'liii)i'  on  horseback  the  arms  of  the  child  are  fastened  umh  i 
l>anda;i('s,  so  as  not  to  be  eiidanjiered  il'tln'  cradle  falls,  and  when  iii 
tlic>  are  j^ciierally  taken  out,  allowiufj  the  infant  to  reach  and  m 
itself  with  the  little  toys  and   trinkets  that  are  jdaced  befon'  ii 
within  its  reach. 

'The  inlaiit  is  (tarried  in  this  manner  until  it  is  live,  six,  or  -' 
months  old,  after  which  it  is  carried  on  the  back  in  the  manner  i> 
seiited  in  two  of  the  ti;;ures  of  the  same  plate,  and  held  within  the  i 
of  the  robe  or  blanket. 

"The  modes  of  cairyiiii;  the  infant  when  rittiii};-  are  also  here  sIm. 
and  the  manner  in  wlii(;li  the  women  ride,  which,  ainon;>st  all  the  In 
is  astride,  in  the  same  manner  as  liiat  ])racticed  by  the  men. 

•'Letter  //,  in  the  same  jdate,  is  a  mourninji  cradle,  and  opens  i" 
view  of  the  reader  another  very  curious  and  interest iii}^  <MistoMi. 
the  infant  dies  duriii<;'  the  time  that  is  allott«-d  toil  to  luM'arriii 
this  cradle,  it  is  buried,  and   the  disconsolate  mother  tills  the  (  i 


Sun   \    (11  \l>l  K, 

(CI    Sm   ;:u\\   r    -    \    m     m. 


Hi>i-r     r„n,.. 


ith  bii 
u;upie< 
>r  a  ye; 
,  unil 
am,  w 
ml  tall 
ifaiit,  i 
)  stron 
'rs  uot 
ave  til 
ay  to  < 
le  cUili 

"In  t 
>re  the 
i'icuH, 
)lled  u 
I  tbe  c 
rotect« 

"  Lett 
f  tbebe 
'ero  ve 
ley  cut 
le  littl 
ealth  ( 
letn  ii 
igbt  ^ 

*  Long 

I'AJKbt 
■ad,  "1 
ottonw 
ick,  ill 
).  179). 
The  pi 
)4). 
('liarU 
he  T6t« 
line  fri 
^iire,  u 
•iulle  " 
aiiada, 
rained 
lo  oriiii 
Lalioi 
liese  ol 
awren 
!i  Bays : 
a  adds 


■X-i^ 


MISIM'M,    I8M7. 

,  .sii|>|K)rl('(l  l»,v  ;i  hroiid 

<>r  sliiinliiiji  <'i'rct,  win.  ii 

ilil,  liiis  a  triMli'iicv  to  |)i  II 

li^lit   liinlis,  soiiiitl   lull;;  . 

a  liic. 

'Ill  pliifc  LML',  Ictlt'if/,  1^  I 
t  (liiiwiii;;  (»('  ii  Sioux  (  I 
i<!li    JN    ill   iiiv  collcctioi 
s  ]iurciias('il  lidiii  :i  Si(»i,\ 
ii's  hack,  as  sJM^  was  cai  w 
'  iiilaiit  ill  it,  a.s  is  seen   n 
f  of  tiic  same  plate. 
'  III  this  instance,  as  is  n 
case,  the  liaiidatjcs  thai  i 
iiiitl    the   cradle,   lioldiu: 
ihl  ill,  are  all  the  wa,v  cd. 
th    a    lieaiitit'iil    eiMhioidi  i 
•rciipiiie  ([iiills,  wilii   iii;;(  i, 
UK'S   of   liDises,   men,  »'ti 
oad  hoop  ol'  elastic,  wood  |  i 
oiiiid  ill  IVont  of  the  child'^ 
protect  it  in  ease  of  a  fall  i 
e  front  of  which  is  siispeiuli 

t!«'  to.v  of  exipiisite  <  .no 

V  ilie  child  to  handle  and  im 
self  With.  To  tiiisaiid  otlm 
i>  trinkets  haii^in^  in  frmi 
there  are  attached  iiian.v  I 
nseled  and  tiiikliii;>- thiii;:s  ni 
iiid  the  ears  of  theeliihl.  W 
le  child  are  fastened  iiiidi  i 
he  cradle  falls,  and  when  iii 
tli(^  infant  to  reach  and  im 
that  are  ]ilaced  befor*'  it 

er  until  it  is  live,  six,  or  -> 
the  iiack  in  the  manner  n 
plate,  and  held  within  the  i 

hen  ridiiiy:  are  also  here  sin 
',  whii-li,  amongst  all  the  In 
racticed  t»y  the  iiieii. 
iriiiii;;  cradle,  and  o]>eiis  t<> 
IS  and  iiilerestiii;,^  custom. 
s  allotted  to  it  to  he  carrin 
iisolate  niother  tills  the  cu 


rUAOLKS    <)!'    TIIK    AMIIKH'AN    AlldltUilNKS. 


203 


itb  black  i|iiills  ainl  Icatheis  in  the  pails  which  the  child's  body  had 
;cupied,  and  in  this  \\a.\  carries  it  around  with  her  wlKM'ever  she  f;:oeN, 
>r  a  year  or  more,  with  as  much  cari^  as  if  her  iiil'ani  were  alive  and  in 
,  iind  she  ojteii  lays  or  stands  it  leaning;  ai^ainsl  I  lie  side  of  the  wi};- 
am,  where  she  is  all  day  ennayed  in  lici  ncedlewoik,  and  chatting 
11(1  talkiii;:  to  it  as  familiarly  and  affe<tioiiately  as  if  it  were  her  loved 
ifaiit,  instead  of  its  shell,  that  she  was  talking;:  to.  So  lastiii;;  and 
)  strong'  is  the  alVection  ol  these  women  for  tlit^  lo.st  child  that  it  iiiat- 
^ra  UOt  how  heavy  or  cruel  their  load  or  how  rii^;;;ed  the  route  they 
live  to  pass  over,  they  will  laithfnlly  cany  this,  and  earefiiU.N ,  from 
ay  to  day,  and  even  more  strictly  iierforiii  their  duties  to  it  than  if 
le  child  were  alive  and  in  it. 

"lu  the  little  loy  that  I  have  mentioned,  and  which  is  sus|)ende(l  h(>- 
)re  the  child's  face,  is  carefully  and  siipeistitioiisly  pieseivcd  llie  iiin- 
i'icus,  which  is  always  secured  at  the  lime  of  its  hirlli,  and,  liciiij^r 
)IIed  up  into  a  little  wad  of  the  si/.e  of  a  pea  and  dried,  it  is  im^lo.sed 
I  the  centerof  this  liltlc  iia;;  and  |»laccd  iu'lore  the  child's  face,  as  its 
rotector  and  its  security  lor  ••  ;;()od  inck  "  and  Ion;;  lite. 

"Letter  r,  same  plate,  exhibits  a  number  of  forms  and  dill'erent  tastes 
t'thew.  little  toys,  which  I  have  purchased  Iroiii  the  women,  whictli  they 
ere  very  williii^i'  to  sell  for  a  tiilliii;i  present;  but  in  every  instance 
ley  cat  them  open  ami  removetl  from  within  a  bunch  of  cotton  or  moss, 
le  little  sacred  medicine,  whi(!h  to  part  \/ith  would  be  to  endan;;-er  the 
ealth  of  the  child,  a  thin;;  that  no  <-onsideralioii  would  hav«>  induced 
lem  In  any  instance  to  have  doiH'."*  (l*a;;is  l.'50-l.L',  vol.  ii,  Catlin's 
light  Years). 


*  Long,  Mii.j.  S.  II.  (i^Niii'dilidii  til  I  lie  SdMicfHcii'iln"  St.  I't'tci's  Ivivi'i'.  I'liiladi'lpliiii. 
(24.  8vo.)  AiiKiriK  till'  I'kIIu"  iiicpiiijc  Hiciil  oaif  is  takt'ii  tliat  Hit*  hudv  .Hliai!  lio 
might  ami  well  tin iiii'tl ;  no  Mtii'mpi     *     '  is  iiiaili<  (<>  cliaii^^tt  llio  Nliaptt  of  tliu 

■ad,  "tliis  liriii;;  rrijaidcil  a.s  iiii\iiif;  :i  Iriliiil  .si  ;iiirMaii(i' "  (\<il.  l,  p.  10(1).  On  tllo 
ottonwood  lliwT,  I. on;;  s.'iw  an  old  i'ol  lawatoii  io  cliiff  willi  ".i  rliild-lioaid  on  his 
ick,  ill  wliicli  111' canit'd  liislilllf  ;;randson  "  (\(il.  i,  p.  I7s).  'I'lic  cliild  nasiiakcd 
t.  179).  Of  till-  I  la  cot  all.  I.on^  m  Kralhii;,  who  'oniiiili'd  and  rditcd  liis  noti'.s,  sa.v.s: 
The  practici'  of  sliao'-i;;  tlic  heads  ol  infants  i.s  nnknown  to  thcni  "  (\ol.  i,  p. 
•4). 

Charlevoix,  I'cii'df.  (^.lonrnal  of  a  \'oya;;f  loXorlh  .Vnniira.  London.  I7(il.  rtvo.) 
lie  T6tcH  dc  I'loidi'  ^lionndh<'ad,>),  .in  AI;;oiiiiniii  niln'  north  of  .Monti oa I,  •'  have  their 
i.ine  from  the  ronmlnes.s  of  their  lieads;  they  think  there  i.>  a  ;;ie.il  lieanty  in  this 
ijure,  and  it  is  very  piohahh-  llio  iiiothei.s  Ki'e  it  to  t  heir  (  hildien  while  in  the 
iulle"  (vol.  1,  Letter  XI,  |(.  <J~r>).  Spcakin;;  of  the  line  li;;nies  of  the  "  Imlians  of 
anada,"  (liailevoix  says  that  one  reason  foi-  this  is,  that  "  Iheif  hodiesare  not  e<iii- 
rained  in  the  cradle"  (\ol.  ii,  Letter  xxi,  p.  I'.M.  Jnst  after  (p.  l'J|l)h(^  descrihes 
10  oruaiiientalion  of  "  their  eliihlrei''s  cradles  "  ainon;;  the  llnrons. 
Labontan,  liaron.  (New  \'oyaj;esto  Norl  li  Anici  ica.  London.  ITli.'i,  "Jd  imI.  8v().) 
heso  ohserv  ations  wel«  liiiulo  npini  the  Al;;i)nkian  and  Irocinidan  trihes  of  the  .St. 
awrence  and  the  Lakesin  the  liittcrparl  of  tii' seventeenth  I'entnry,  Like  lli'arne, 
t)  says:  "  Thero  is  no  siudi  thin;;  as  a  eratbc  anion;;  tlic  savajics"  (vol.  ii,  p.  7 );  hut 
a  adds  that  "the  uiutberH  make  use  of  certain  little  hoards,  stutl'ed  with  cotton,  upon 


'n 


'ii 


) 


h 


:i 


204 


HEroRT   OF   ^A^lO^AL    .Ml'SKUM,  18«7. 


Iv.ist  of  ihi'  Missis,si|i|ii  ItivtT,  iiortli  ol'  tlii>  TfiiiirsstT  iiiid  llii>  Nmlli^l.i, 


Ciiinliiiii  lihf,  jihI  miiiiIi  <i|    llinlsdii  liii,v  li\«'il  .\l;:oiikiii  ;iii<|  lr(M|ii< 
^liM-ks,  iiiiil  iill  ol    tliriM   iisnl  ii   Hilt  cnitllr  IhiiihI,  iidI    \'.\v  Iidih  '2.\  i, 
l.iii;;,   Itt   iiiclio    wiilc.  iiiiil    our  liiill'  iiirli   lliicK,  l;i|ii'liiij;   wider  ;it    iliJ 
hi'iid.     'I'lic  Si.  lU><i\>  li(i(|iiois,  ill  tlic  nurlli  ol    New  York  and  iiciii'  llu 

Ciiiiiida  liiu",  liiivc  lor  iiiaii.v  .vt'ais  Imii-lii  1 
tiifii    (  radii-  IkkikIs   IVihii    (lie   wliili'.s  m 
made   llinii   nt'  iiiati'iial    lioii<ilii    t'nii 


II  ii 


wliit 


t'    Ml 


...    (h 


ij:s.  .>;i 


HM 


Tl 


.('   SpfClllHIl 


ili..siialcd  has  tlic  Itack  carved  in  llmvcis 
and  liirds,  and  painft'd  Itliu',  red,  j^rci'ii, 
ai.il  yellow.  'I'lie  cleat  at  the  upper  cud 
ol  the  hack  is  a  n.odcin  chairroiind.  'Ilh 
Tool  lioa  1(1  is  a  small  shell' or  lifackt't.  mi 
w  Inch  the  child's  feci  rest. 

All  iiiteiest  ii.i;  lelic  of  sava;x«'i'y  on  tlii> 
(|..ilc  civilized  ciadlc  aie  the  iiotclios  m 
the  avviiiii^-hovv,  failinj^'  down  ovci'  tin' 
ends  of  the  cleat,  extended  and  held  ii 
place  l».\  hiaees  of  leather  thonji.  Tin 
hoop  selves  maii.v  functions,  such  assiip 
port  for  sunshade,  lain  jnotector,  inns 
<|iiiio  net,  oriiaiiients,  danj^lin;;-  trinkei« 
to  ((lease  the  child,  etc. 

is  ,(M>.  Cradle  hack  Itoartl.  carved  ii: 
lieacocks,  and  painted  liri;;ht  (;oIoi-> 
Stpiare  at  top.  Avvninj;  frame  inoitisid 
at  ends,  wliicli  allow  them  to  slide  ovt  i 
awnin^-har.  Held  down  and  nn.ved  li> 
stays  on  opposite  side,  lias  a  inovalili 
loot  rest  at  bottom.  Thoii^^s  alonj;' side- 
for  lashiiij-'  liahy  in.  Lcnj^th,  l".*',  inches;  width,  top,  KM  inches;  hot 
toiii.Si  inches.  Koot  rest,  height,  ;},Uiiclics  :  width,  (» inches.  (Fifi.  ."W.i 
The  follow iii}X  notes  lejiardiiij;'  the  Indians  east  of  the  MissiN.sippi 
Hiver  have  been  collected  in  the  course  of  the  author's  readiiiff,  and  arc 
here  ai)pi'iidc(l  to  throw  additional  li;;lit  upon  the  subject  : 

Ilciin|,(i,      (  I'mvils  tiir.niL;lMlir  Ciiii.iihis.      I.iiikIihi,    I-(I7.      tin.)     "  Tlic  usu  of  ii 


I'ii:  .W. 
IliO(jroi9  CiiAin  K     Hack  vikw. 

.M.    Nm,    ]<«Hh;.   I      V     S     \I       >if      I;,  a  .     V.  .s    \ 


I)illo\v  is  know  ii  to  Imt  m  tV 


iiiioim  llic  Iioi|ii.iiH  trilics.     Itiiviiio  sciii  tiiiit  article 


111  use,  ilicy  imit:itc  it   ••  witii  u  liillci  of  wiioil,  with  u  mat  rolluil  iiji,  or  with  sliii.; 


Hi  II  in 


with  liair  (ji.  -J-T'; 


if  llicir  li;tcks  wcic  ffhifil  lo  tliciii,  liciiiy  s    iKhllcd  in  linn 


w  liicli  tiic  cllildllMI  lit 

and  kept  on  witli  sw.ilh  hands  inn  fhidiif;li  tlic  sides  id' the  hoards.     To  these  hoard- 

sof  tri'cs"  (vol.  II, 


tlioy  tie  strings,  hv  whicli  ilicv  liaii;,'  theii-  children  on  tlie  l.raiM  In 


1>.  7).     "As  soon  as  their 


eliildi'i'ii  coi 


n|i   to  the  chill."     Tlic   Daeotahs,  Aleut 


lie  into  the  world  tlicy  dip  lliein  in  warm  water 


ian    Islanders,  e| 


c,  use  cold    water. 


'After 


this  they  swathe  them  down  n|>on  little  l.oards  or  plaiiks,  stiitled  with  cotton,  whcrt 
they  lie  njiou  I  heir  hacks'"  (Mil.  il,  \>.  i:!). 


ll'cryu, 


T.  (: 


1  i.iidoli.  I*'1 


idv"     I 


heir  naiiil 


IlllIlK  1- 
llic  '  I 'I' 


lie"  (I'll! 


l.ciMcoiiri 


till 


IV  mill 


h  111'" 
linald  II 
Hcrall.v  Hil 
,1.  1.    >'ff| 
-ult  ol'  a 
Indian  <hl 
. .,  Iiiitl  oil  1 

■       llool.: 


n:i\« 


liii;:| 
ld> 


ill,, I  >vlieli  atd> 

•'flieir  int 

|,'.  \iiill   vvliil 

iMili  of  Wal 

their  skiimc 

I  ivviiv.    'I'h. 

N.ifi-,.-'!' 

entertained 

■•  I'lainc  l>c; 

■|li.Mrcliil«l>' 

(II  sciitly." 

AiihalitH»ov 

,.1   ihe  Vii';: 

ilii-  coldest 

i.viiUi'.eiits 

wi'illinvt  til 

iicular  acci 

,,f  a  culloa 

with  a  kirn 

belt   yt  is  > 

('apt.  Smil 

itoiii  the  vv 

[    ,Si   disf^nis 

I     lieanty  to 

i     (to  Ul<*'"  : 

\      face  iS:  Im 

tlli'll.     dttl 

Soc.     !'•<' 
-These 

cradle  in 
bound  ai 
because 
is  as  a  d 


'^^mi§\^- 


^fajSfKttsiiii^&Mii)^ 


is.s: 


CKADIJvS    or    Till-:    AMKUICAN    AMoKHlINKH. 


2(>r) 


""'^'"  "ii.l  In.,,,,,,, 
'"  '•"■  'i«»iii  LM  (,,,, 
'■""«  "i'lt-r  ),(  III, 
^•"Iv  iiiid  II,.,,,.  ||,, 

'""".V  .V«'ills  l.nil    I, 

'""    "'<•   nliit.'.s  ,„ 

'    ''<»"i«li(    fidii,  „ 

"'•     Til,.  Nj),.,.!,,,, , 

•'"'\<''l  in  (l(.\\,,> 

'"  ""'  'iplM'r.11,1 
■liiiir  i()i,i„i.    'jji, 

'•'    fl"'  IKXclu's    I,, 

^  <l<nvii  over  (I,. 
"'••'I  .'ii.l  Ii,.l,|  „ 
'"'■'  H">ii«.     Tli, 

"'"■^'  ■^'"■ll   !I.S.S|||,. 

'  l»''>(i'ct„r,  „„„. 
'""«''"«■  triiik.-N 


!  liaiM,.  iiKiitiscd 
''"'  '<>  .sli<l,.  „v.  I 
'  ""•'  «ll.V.'<l  lu 
""■■<  il  IllOVilhli 
'"«><  aldllj^r  .si,|,., 
'"l<  ificlM.,s;  |,„| 

""^  'Mi.ssiN.s),)p, 
''"•J'i'f:,  JUKI  jiir 
•I  : 

)    "TIm.  u8«  or  ,1 

'  «''''i  that  arti.l, 

"1>,  <•!■  Wifll  Hiij,,, 
■•'"''"-■'I    ill    lilMl..I, 

'"  'liiNr  iM.ai.N 
''''"■'"^"(v..l.  „, 
'  •"  «an,i  water 

"at.T.     "Art.M 
"'cotton,  wlit'iv 


f 


,liir<  r.v^,  'V.  (Nat.  ami  Civil  IliHt.  of  I'itikIi   Doiniiiio.is  in  Noitli  ami  .Soiilli  Aiiit'i-- 

;i.  1  .'iiiloii,  l*t!(),  I'ol. ),  Ntivsof  AI(;oi:kian 'IV'lt'N  ill' Kon' :  "Till' {{oiinil'lli'ailN    '     "     " 

iiKr  ilii'ir  iiaiiii'  tVoiii  I'lo  li;;iii'i'  of  llii'ir  lirailN.     '  '     Il   is  ln'lirviil   llial    iIik 

liiiiiKi-.     '     '     *     t'orm  tlio  IiuuiIh  of  tlii«  rliililrrii  iin..  iliiN  hIi:i|m'  when  tlii<y  an-  in 

h,  <  i.iiili'  "  (part  I,  p.  17). 

I.,  IIM  oini,  Diiki'  ilr.     (Travi'lH  tliroii^h  llii<  I'liili'il  iSlali'.s,  i-ti'.     Lonilon,  I'D'.*.    Ito.) 
,.M  iiiiirji  tim  nanii'  arnnint   an  that  of  WjiIiI,  otr.,  in  n'^''"  'i.v  lliin  iriivnli'T  ol'  llm 
_   .—  III!.   Imaiil  iiNi'il  liy  I  III'  Iroiinois  trilms.     Ilr  sn.VH,  liowrvi'r,  that  "  siu'kiiiiK  iJiililirii 
I  llJii'  .;■  iirrallv  Hiis|ii'mi<'(l  in  a  liiiski't  faHtriii'il  Id  iIh"  r('ilinn"  (vol.  i,  p.  ITT). 

I  \\i  ill.  I.  ri'iavi'ls  iliron;:li  Norlli  Aiiii'iii:!  ami  ( 'iiiiiiila.  Lomlun.  IT'.K*.  Ilo.i  As 
NIm  HHiilt  of  Ki'iirral  oli.srrvitlion  of  tin'  Irilii'sol'  ('Miiinla  anil  tin'  Lalo's,  liii  says  lliat 
<";in    liiiiiaii   rliilil,  Noon   iiftitr  It,  in  lioi'll,  is   '.watlii'il  with  rliiths  or  skitin  (Viilr  l.oii^, 

.Ni  I,  s,,  hiiil  on  its  hark,  anil  hi;>inil  ilown  on  a  pinr  of  thick  lionnl,  .s|n'i'ail  with  >oft 
,— iiMi->  '  ||oii|i.s  proli'it  Iho  faci'.  !'hi'  rradlr-honril  i-.  ■^iispiiiilcil  on  tlu>  inotlni's  liack 
9\\  III  II  ir.'ivi'iiii};,  lit  liir  wise  hiiiiK  hv  tin  hrMil->lr.'i|i.  Iiil'aiitsari'  .li'^n  put  in  liaiinuuctkH, 
'SiiMil  tvjii'ii  ahh'  to  rrawl  air  irli^asi'il  froii,  tlir  riailli-  ln'iiMl  (p.  ■t'^T). 

^1        Tlirif  inrniits  ;ir«'  Indiic  with  Imiit' on  tlifir  licads,  iiiid  iirc  (if  coin- 

||ili  \i<iii  wliitc  ii.s  iiiir  iiiitiuii,  itiii  I  licit'  iinitiu-is  in  tiicir  iiif'iiiu;,v  make  a 

'  Imi  h  III'  W'aiiiiil  iravi-."*,  liii.sUc-^  ot   W'aliiiils  anil  .such  tilings  a.s  will  .stain 

'' ilii'ii  sUiniic  Itir  ever,  wiicrcin   Ihcv  iliil  i\:    washc  Ihctii  tn  make  tliciii 

i  I  i\vn>.     The  coiiiitr*' of  their  haiie  is  iilaek  d^  tlieif  e.ves  black." 

||      NiifK. — The  itlea  that  the  Inilian  was  hmti  white  wa.s  very  coiiinioiiiy 

■   I  iiliiiiiiiieii  in  the  liisi  jiallor  the  scveiitceiitli  ccniiiiv.     Lcchlorii.  in  his 

•  I'iiiiiie  Dcalitii;,"  p.  ."lO.  says;  "They  areol'coiiipU'xion swarthy i\;  tawny. 

Tlicii  ehihiien  an  iMirnc  while,  I'ut  they  liedaiihetiiem  wiihoyiciJteolonr.s 

II  r>i'ntly."     .losselyn  al.so  speaks  of  the  Inilians  ''ilyino-  their  eliihlien 
^  iilia  li(|tioi  oflioilcd  lleiiilock  ISaik."   (Two  N'oyaucs,  p.  IL'.S.)    Speakin}^ 

III  llic  \ii;;itiia  woiiicn  .Sp.iiili  .says:  "To  make  tlieif  chiiilii'ii  iianlie  in 
ilic  coiilest   inoiiiinji's  they   tiictii  wasii  in  t lie  rivets,  tlv  by  payntitij;' & 

i\  ii'tcciits  so  taniie  tlieif  .skinnes  tiiat  alter  a  yeaf  or  two  no  weather 
"ill  hint  them."  ('rnte.  Trav  t'l.s,  vol.  i,  p.  l.'!l.)  Stiachey  jiiv«'sa  moi'e  par- 
I  ictiliir  account  ol   the  .Mippo.M-d   process:   •'  The    Inilians  are  fieneraily 

il  a  cniionr  lnowiie  or  latiier  lawny,  wiiich  they  cast  themselves  into 
uilli  a  kinil  of  arsenic  stone.  «!<:  of  tlic  satiie  line  ate  their  women,  liow- 
beit  yt  is  supposed  neither  of  lliem  iialiiially  borne  so  discolored  ;  for 
('apt.  Smith  (lyviiig  .somtynH'.s  a!iioii};st  tliein)  alliiiiieth  how  they  n\v 
Imni  the  wotiili  iiiililVetcnt  whit«',  lait  as  the  men,  .so  doe  the  women  dye 
vV  dis^iii.se  tlu-mselves  into  this  tawny  cowler,  estecmiii^i' yl  the  best 
licaiity  to  be  neerest  siicii  a  kynd  ot  niiniey  as  a  soihleti  ipiinec^  is  of 
(to  liken  yl  to  the  neerest  coiilor  I  (;an),  for  which  lliey  daily  anoint  both 
face  iV  boilyes  all  over  with  such  a  kind  of  fiiciis  oiiin^nent  as  can  cast 
tlicii,  iilotliatstayne."  (Ilist()rie,(i3.)  (>•  New  Kiioli,s,|| t'anaan."  Prince 
Soe.      Koston,  bS.S.'i,  p.  ]  |7.) 

'•Tlie.se  infants  tire  eanii'd  at  their  mofher.s'  backs  by  the  help  of  a 
cradle  made  of  a  boaid  forki't  at  both  ends  whereon  the  chilih^  is  fast 
lioiind  and  wrapped  in  liincs:  his  knees  thinsl  up  towards  his  bellie, 
liccaiise  Iliey  may  be  the  Miitir  tiscfnll  tor  tliciii  when  he  silleth,  which 
is  as  a  dojif^e  does  on  his  biiinmc  ;  and  this  cradle  surely  pre.serve.s  them 


n 


\ 


h 


■i 


P 


2()»; 


KKI'oi;!'    Ol'    NAIIoNAI-    MI'SKIM,   1HM7. 


Itt'lli  r  Ihiiii  the  rt;itlU's  ol'  oiir  iiiiliiiii,  loi  as  iiiiicli  as  we  liiiil  tliciii  u>; 
l>niiM»rii<iii('(|.  mil  any  ol' thciii  ••lookctMmcUt'd  or  \\  rv  If^'jit'tl ;  aiiilt> 
j;i\c  tlit'ii  riianatici  in  a  wordc,  lIu'V  ari*  a«  propiT  nu-n  aii«l  \vonn  n  iml 
Icatiiic  .111(1  iiiiihs  as  can  lie  lonnd,  lor  tli-sli  and  Mood  asaittivc."  (••  \y\ 
i;n;;lisli  Canaan."     I'riiuT  Sue.     Iloston,  iss;j,  p.  1  17.) 

TIh>  ChoUlali  llalicn  llicir  lori'liciidH  witli  ii  Iijik  of  niiiuI,  wliicli  \vit|:| 
;;rfat  cart'  tlicy  keep  lasliiii'd  on  thf  sknil  ol  i1m>  inl'ant  wliilc  it  is   n 
tender  and  inipcrlfct  state.     Tims  Ihe.v  tpiile  del'orni  their  I'aeeand  ^i\r 
tiieiiisehos  an  appeiirance  vvliieii   is  disa<{ii'eal)le  lo  anv  bnt   tho-<'i>i| 
their  own  Ml cness.*     (Adair's  .\nn'riean  iinlians,  p. 'J.S4.) 

••The  Indians  llatteii  their  iieatls  in  divers  I'nrrns,  lint  it  is  ehiell.v  tli» 
I  MOW  n  ol  the  liead  llie.v  depress  in  orth-r  to  lieantil'v  themselves,  as  ilici; 
wild  laney  terms  it.  lor  they  call   us  hm;;    heads  liy  way  ol'  eonte:n|ii 
The  < 'hoKlaii    Indians  tiatten   their  t'oreln-ads  from  tlietopol'  tlio  IkmiI 
tti  the  eye  lirows  with  a  siiiall  liau  of  sand,  whieii  yives  them  a  liiihdn. 
ap|iearanee.  as  the  loreiieatl  naluiallv  .shoots  upward,  aeeordiii;;  as  it  !< 
Ilallened,  III  lis.  the  lisiii;:  <  if  the  iiii>e,  iiisttsnl  of  liein;;  etpiidistant  imn 
the  lie^iiiiiiiiii;  of  the  eliin  to  that  of  liie  hair  is.  Ii\  their  wild  me(■llanl^ll. 
plared  a  .^leat  .deal  nearer  tn  the  tine  and  l.irthei  from  the  otiier,      lli 
Indian  nations  loimd   .Sdiilli  (aidliiia  and  ali  the  way  to  New  .Me\h 
(properly  ealled  Meehikiij,  to  etVeet  this,  li\  the  lender  infant  on  :i  Kii 
of  eradle.  whiMc  Ids  feet  are  tilted  aliove  a  I'tiot  !ii;;lier  tiian  a  liori/onii 
positifin.  his  head  bends  hack  into  a  hole  mide  on  purpose  to  receive  i , 
where  he  hears  the  chief  part  ol  his  wci  ..lit  im   theemwiMif  the  lir,i<: 
upon  a  small  h\\<^  of  sand   wiihriit  liein;;  m  theleast  ai>le  to  iimivc  hinisilt 
'I'he   sknil,   resemliliny    a    tine   earlila;iinoiis  siilistance,  in    its   inliiir 
state,  is  ejipidile  of  takiiii;  .iny  impressiiiii,     I'y  this  piessnrc,  and  tin" 
thus  llatteninji   llie  crown  (if  Ihe  head,  they  coiiscfpiently  make  llni: 
heads    thick    and    Ihcii    laces    limad,  fur  when   the   simioth    channel 

\n|lll'\.  ('.    I'.       lA    Vi.'U    .M'   tile  Sciil  UIMlCjilimlr  iif  the   fllilcd  .StlltCH  of  AllH'l 
l'lllli|llll|llliil,    l^lll.       ^    Ml.  '        ll    IS   "  III!'  CIIStlMII   III'    lllf   ('illMlilWH   til   lllllllld    llio   sl<ii 

llicir  iKwlmin  cliililii'ii  to  tlicMJini f  :i  tninciilid   |)vraiiilil,  li,\   picHsiiif,'  tliciii  I 

Iwi'iii  liniiids.  'I'liiM  liii'llioil  Is  so  cIlVcliliil  lli;it  tlic  llilic  is  Uiiown  liy  the  lllllli<  > 
(lie  l'l:il-Ilr,i(|s"  I  p.  :i('i.")^.  .\iiiiii;o  ihr  1 1  iliis  iii;ir  I  In'  In  Mil  ol' t  lie  WaliUHJi,  "  Wft'M  ■ 
I'il.MMii".,  S;i\\  Uiis.  l'\.iiikisli.i\\s,  :iimI  .Mljiliiis.       •  ■       the  lilililli  s      *       "       '      Cii;' 

"11 •  l\Mi  iliiiiliiii  lii'hiiKl  lliiiii  In  :i  sort   ol   liuff,  tlir  cikIs  of  wlijcli  iirc  tied   ii: 

'heir  iMnlu-iKl.     In  llus  i.spni  t|i,.y  tiiivc  ii  stniiii;  icsfiiilijiiiicc  to  our  [tlic  Krcn 
gypsies''  (  p,  ;',.",;{ I. 

Hiirtiiiin,  Wniuiiii.     ('I'r.nri-  lliioiiuh  Ndrili  ;iiiil  .Soiilli  (■.irolliia.  (icoiyja,  I'lon 

'■'<■■     ' l""i.  n'.M.     -M  .(1.  -vo,,     "TIic  t'iicMliiwH  Miv  (iiili'd  liy  the  triulfis  I'ial- 

flat  Mcails.  all  llic  males  li.i\iii;,r  tlic  fore  ami  liiml   partN  of  tlicir  sUiills  aililiil,. 
ll.itlcncil  or  rompiisscl  •' 'p.  .M.",).     '111,.  mianl  is  plaii-d  ••in  a  wooden   lasc,"  on    • 
li.ic'k,  "a  li.i^'  (irsainl  Im'Ihl;  i.iid  mi  ilie  t'oitdicail,  which.  Ii.\  <  ontiiiiiiil  n«'iitl(' cdriipi'  ■ 
sioii,"  laiisis  111.- li.ail  loslopc  ■•oii  liackwards     •      •      •      llom  the  tt'iiiplcs  niiwanl 
Thr  occipiil   is  I,  r.lMd  in  a  i  .iiiravll>   ■•  fashioned  liKe  a  hri.k  inonld  "  (p.  .'.1.'.). 


lliTiol,  (; 


■fi 


avrjs   thiiiii;;h    tin    CanadaN.      London.  1-07.      ||( 


4 


•'■il'is  ol   I isiana  llalleii  ihc  InndiiMd  oC  tlnir  idiihlicn.  an 


'  Some  of 


li'iiiiiiiatc  in  a  |ioiiit. 
head  lo  a  round  loin 


l<i'aiit>  .  In  I  hi'li'  I'oni'ciilion 


I   I  iiiisi'  tho  siiniiiiii 
oiisjsis  ill  inoiildin;;  > 


IliatiireixHtoii 
lin>l  lUeli'by  e 
Ml',  we   not 
jaiinl'iile   tin 
Icoiiiiect  Iher 
tin  II  animal 
nriiliei'   n'i>^' 
il:iis  look  on 
ami  silify  oi 
ovMi."     (Adi 
l.alitan" 
•  The  «'rai 
mil    pretty 
li-lil  wood, 
font,  lo^ive 
as  ihoii"'' 
w.iy  mat   it 
ilie  point  ti 
ihal  ll  shot 
fhe  swathl 
painted  ski 
1, ■passed  in 
ihe  cradle, 
(Idthes   ha 
hind  when 
;i  lialf  cir<'l 
nid  wliich 
liicatln'fii' 
(if  mostpiit 
iiilnry  if  t 
(if  poreela 
serve  as  a 
lentitlis  ot 
rnalile  tin 
all  their  ( 
some  bnii 
while  she 
'■  The  I 
the  furs, 
inns  (cat 
bark  of  ' 
toinviiiti 
furs;  by 
thighs,  ^ 


I 


«*«»>:t 


I SS7. 


rUAKLF.S    OF    tin;    AMK.KICAN    AltoKUIlNKM. 


207 


I's  w«'  find  f||(.„i 


^veiH|i;itiiii>iHst(>p|M'<l  iiMMic  pliirt',  it'iKlcstnictioii  oi'tli*'  whole  HyHtciii  ilotli 
iiiiil  iH|,,,i  iIk'I'oIi.v  ctiHiit',  it  brcaksdiit  in  a  piopurtiotiitl  nMliiiHliincy  in  iiiiutlit'i-. 


I'll 


""'"'""'"•'"""  IhHm:i'>  ^vo  not    t(»   this   ciistoni,  antl   iis  ti  ni-cfssiii  v  t'lU'rl  of  lliiH  caiiso 
|<l  asjujfjve."  (.»  \ 

Il7.) 

|»r  Naiid,  which 

■  III  while  It  is 


III  iiJ 


llM'ir  l'a«'»'an<l  -i 
|l"  any  but   tho.s 

"•'  it  is  rhiflh  ilJ 
lllifnischcs,  iis  1 1 


h  way  (if  cdiitj-i 


JiIh-  t 


<•!•  of  tilt'  I 


ii':| 

MMllI 


l( 


i\''"<  thoni  a  hitlniii.i 
"I.  accnidiiijr  „„  II  ,,| 

";4  •''iiiKJistant  lioiii 
'ii  wil.l  Micchanisii 
Mil  tlu'  other,     j'liii 
way  to  X,.\v  Mf\in 
'•"'  infant  on  a  l»ii,;| 
•I  titan  a  iKni/om,,, 
III  pose  to  receive  i 
••lowii  ,»f  the  hr.i, 
''•le  to  iii(»\('  hiniMi; 
''"•■•'.   ill    its    ini;iii;| 
["•■ssiiie,  and  tin:; 
'•jiii'iitly  make  llai: 
smooth  (!hannel  . 

lift'd  SfiitcN  of  Aini'i  . 
"^  t"  mould  tlio  Hkii  I 
!■  I'.v  prcNsiiiK  ,|„,„|  I 

^IKIWn     |,y    111,.     ,1(1111. 

Ill'  VViiIijimIi,  "  \v,.,.,i 
■liiilirs  •  ■  •  ,.  , 
I'  wliicli  arc  iM'il  M 
■'■  I ir  I  the  I'Viii 

lina,  (icoijjia,  I'lon 
'>,v  III''  tiinliis  F|,i|. 
llKir  skulls  iiiljdri,, 

I    "<MI(|,.n     CJIHC,"   oil       I 

liiiiiiilKfiill.-coiiipi,  . 
iIh'  tfiiiplisiipwai.i 
'"""'•l"(l'-  ;">ir.). 
""•  I     "Son f  r 

'■■■III'*"'    lIlO    sllliiMlil 
IIMi.Sis    ill  IIIOIlllllllM    i 


;3 


iiiiiliiite  their  licUU',  wild,  and  erne!   tempers  /     Ivspeeially,  when  we 

Icoiiiieet  therewith   lioth  a  false  edneatv^  ..'id  tiivM  exj'reise  (o  ajjitate 

lliii  II  iiiiiiiial  spirits.     When  the  brain,  in  eooli  r  people,  is  distiirbetl,  it 

iii'iilitr  reasons  nor  tIeterniineN  with   proper   jnd);inent.     The   Imlians 

jil:ii>  look  on  e\er.\  tiling;  around  them  tliiiii|o||  their  own  false  medium, 

III  \ilifyonr  heads   because   they  have  yiven  a  wroni;  tnin  to  their 

Ml.'     (Adair's  Anu'riean  Indians,  p.  <S.) 

i.iHtaii*  speaks  as  follows  coiicerniijo:  the   Sonlhern    Indian  eradle: 

••  I  lie  «'radli'for  the  savage  cliildren  in  New  Krance  is  made  tiiionjfh- 
mil  jiietty  and  roomy.  Il  consists  ot  one  or  two  \ciy  thin  planks  of 
li::lil  wood,  LM  feet  Ion;',  ornamented  on  the  cd^es  and  rounded  at  thi^ 
liMii,  to  o^ive  convenienc«>  of  cradliii;;.      The  child  enveloped  in  line  far  is 

lis  ill •->       '  '.he    niiited  planks,  an«l  is  placed  standing;  np  in  a 

\\,i>  mat  il  shall  han^'  over  a  little  led;;(' of  wood  wlieie  its  Icet  are, 
llie  jMiiiit  liinieil  nndei  for  fear  lest  they  should  ;;et  hiiil,  and  in  order 
ilial  II  slioiijd  hold  Ilie  fold  by  which  it  is  necessiiiy  to  carr,\  lie  frame, 
flic  swaddlin^'clotlies  or  fnrs  are  held  np  in  front  by  lar^c  bamls  of 
{Minted  skin,  which  does  not  st retell  miieh,  and  which  are  passed  and 
M'pas.sed  in  the  small  loops  of  toii;;h  skin  which  han^;  from  the  sides  of 
I  lie  cradle,  where  they  aic  lii  inly  laslened.  They  let  these  swaddlin|.j- 
ilothes  han^'eonsiderablv  below  the  cradle,  ami  they  throw  them  be- 
hind when  they  wish  to  ;;o  walking;  with  the  child,  »tr  let  them  fall  over 
;i  half  circle,  whieh  is  fastened  to  the  plaid<s  near  the  lieail  ot  the  >  )iild, 
iiimI  whieh  ean  be  made  to  tnrn  forwards  in  order  that  the  child  t  >ii 
breathe  freely  w  ithoiit  beiii};  e.vpo.sed  to  the  cold  of  winter  or  to  the  stinj^s 
of  moM|i)itos  oi  (glials  in  snmmer,  and  in  order  that  it  shonid  n  ,  i  ■e4MV(> 
Hilary  if  the  cradle  fell.  They  put  over  that  half  ciicle  little  inaeelets 
of  ponrlain  and  other  little  tritles  that  tlie  Latins  call  rrepiDidid,  which 
.serve  an  an  ornament  and  as  playthinjjs  to  divert  the  child.  Tw«»  laroe 
len^jths  of  stronj,'  leath«'r,  ".vhich  come  out  from  the  eradle  at  the  head, 
enable  the  mother  to  cany  it  everywhere  with  her,  and  to  fasten  below 
all  their  othei'  liiindles,  when  they  sio  to  the  fields,  and  to  suspend  to 
some  branch  of  a  tree,  wheie  cradled  and  .soot lied  to  sleeji  by  the  wind, 
while  she  winks. 

"The  ehildr*'!!  are  \er.\  warm  in  the  cradle  and  very  easy,  for  besides 
the  fnrs,  which  arc  very  .soft,  they  |)iit  nui(!li  <h>wn  taken  from  tlio  eala- 
inns  (cat-tail,  rush  .').  w  Inch  lliey  stiitf  in  a  wad,  or  perhaps  the  pounded 
hark  of  the  peinclie  (liircli .'),  with  winch  the  winiicn  sconr  their  hair 
to  invifiorate  it.  They  are  al.so  very  careful  so  that  it  c;in  not  soil  their 
fnrs;  i>y  nwans  of  a  little  skin  oi  a  raj;-  which  they  pass  between  their 
thiuh'^,  which   hano-s  out  (»vei'  the  fore  part,  they  ean  attend  to  their 


Morn  IS  (Irs  S;lll\  M^cs  .\  lini  ii|IM  i  I 


IS,    vol,   I,   |i 


208 


i;i;i'()i;t  ok  national  mi'skcm,  iss:. 


'J 


(      ( 


!'l 


natuial  needs  witlioiit  tlie  inside  hoinj:  wet  or  soiled,  except  the  down, 
wliieli  is  easily  lepliiet-d  with  new. 
"Some  iiiilions  in   I.onisianii,  t<t  whom   the   Freneii   iiiive  jiiven   !li, 


Iii'onj;h 
>,  who  1 


hem 


mime  III'  tiat  hi 


m\> 


»     *     * 


have  a  jiiciove  praitieallv  in  tlieirei' 


rile, 


in  wliicli  Ihe  mother  |)nts  the  cliihrs  head  ;  siie  applies  on  the  front  iini 
haei<  of  the  liead  a  mass  of  elav  whieli  hinds  and  bears  down  witli  li 
force.  Siie  eradh's  tlie  eiiiid  all  the  time  until  its  lii-ad  has  taken  n- 
sliaiie.  and  when  Ihe  sntures  of  the  head  have  taken  consistency.  Tin 
ehildien  siilfer  extreiiiely,  liei'oine  almost  iilack  ;  a  white  and  vise  .11. 
liipiDT  comes  from  the  eyes,  nose,  and  ears  ;  ihey  snifer  mnch  ni<»i'e  th'i, 
the  iini'asy  sitnation,  where  tiiey  are  forceil  to  pass  all  the  time  dniin, 
the  lirst  months  of  their  infancy,  bul  il  is  the  co>t  (\{'  iiec(»min>r  Iteaiiti 
fid  liy  art  and  t!ie  sntferin^;  lo  ji'et  tiiat  charm  which  natnie  refuses. 

"TheCai'ibs  and  must  ot'  the  Soiitheiri   Indians  have  also  ilatteinii 
forelieads  and  jjoiiited   heads.     Their    molheis  lasten   the  head  di  \ 
with  little  boards  and  jiads  of  cotton  bound  stron         '   ""I.-  <  if  the  hcji 

■■The  child  has  no  other  ciadle  but  a  hammock  proportioneu  ><»tlM.: 
height  in  which  the  mothers  can  sns|)end  them  and  transport  them  mi 
commodionsly.  and  wluTe  the  (diildren   are  I'radled  all  naked,  witlhiir 
any  pain  from  eonlinement. 

■'The  Indians,  wliicli  are  called  in  Canada  (le  jiens  de  Terres)  (htii^.- 
fliiiiriHiiiDii,  have  a  ditferent   lastc  from  the  I'iatheads,  foi'  tiieir  l»ea  :■ 
consists   in    havini;    a    rpnnd    iiead :    thence    they  are   called    'l>u:r 
Meads""'  (pp.  .")!».!.  ."iiC). 

>■  The  tirst  years  the  child  is  ke)>t  all  naked  in  the  cabin  lo  keep  i:- 
body  fiom  beinj,'  injnred  ity  the  air.  When  larger  it  works  for  il^ 
family.  They  cany  water  and  little  billets  of  wdod;  this  they  rej;.!:; 
a>>poit.  rp  to  puberty  they  pe^lect  their  person;  rn)  ornannMits  ;iii 
wotii  nntil  they  are  enrolled  in  the  body  of  yonnj;  men.  They  are  eiin 
eated  like  Spartans"  (p.  .")!»7). 

'•  Women  strong  and  lobnst  but  are  not  prolilic.  Tin*  enceinte  wow.v 
does  not  take  care  of  lierself;  she  carries  heavy  burdens  and  work- 
harder  as  she  api)i()aches  her  time.  'I'hey  say  this  violent  exei(;> 
facilitates  theii'  parlnrilion  and  makes  the  child  more  robust.  No  ni 
(!an  deny  thai  lliey  do  brin;^-  forth  with  suii»risiii}>  ease.  II  eanjihi 
labor  away  from  (he  cabin  they  attend  to  themselv«'s.  and  are  ap|.,i; 
eiitly  able  to  do  their  regular  woik  the  sann-  da,\  "'  (pp.  .■>!•(».  ."iid). 

"  They  do  sulfer  and  die  sometimes,  but  they  bear  their  pain  ui! 
such  fortitude  (liai  they  (hi  not  seem  to  sulfer"  (p.  .V.H!). 

"Honu"  Souiliern  Indians  (hink  if  the  women  do  not  bear  their  p;ii 
with  fortitude  (lie  children  wil,  inherit  their  weakness,  and  they  l>i 
those  children  that  'lie  bom  of  such  a  mother.  They  kill  the  inotln 
of  a  siill  iiorn  elidd.  and  also  sacritice  one  of  tw  ins,  because  one  inoi  h' 
is  iio(  eu<mj;li  for  two  children"  (p.  .MC'i. 

"'ihe  Indians  will  not  ^ivc  their  children  to  others  to  briii;;-  up.  t 
it  luippens  tliat   the  mother  dies  while  Ihe  child  is  yet  in  the  eradh  , 


V  illi  an  e 

.,|  \i\  lively  < 

^  lr>s  real. 

I  hot  wean 

I  Mars  old 
3        In  Son 

I  -cell  in  N 

;  in  lliesha 

i  ii'.uioiis  ti 

I    NorlliAii 

rAraiicai 

I      anyiug  ; 


than  a 
the  Ilea 

r«'s!8  a;. 
In  add] 


CltADI.ES    OF    TIIK    AMERICAN    AHOKIGINES. 


209 


'xccpt  the  down. 

Ii  liiivc  jiivcii  ilii 
lly  ill  tiicircni  ill, 
|s  on  llio  front  mni 
■Ills  down  Willi  ,ii 
[cul  liiis  taken  i;- 
(•oiisistency.  Tin 
i\  iiitc  1111(1  visi  "M. 
r  iiiiit'li  iiKiro  111"! 

11    till'   tilllC!    (llllili, 

liccoiiiiii^i:  bi'iiuti 

Hill  lilt'    I't'l'llSt'S. 

lavc  iilsii  tl;ittriiiii 

en  llic  head  dn a 

'■'••••  of  tiie  liiail, 

ijiorl  loiu-ii  >o  tin:: 

raiisporl  tlieiii  \  r: 

11  naked,  \vitli"ir 

IS  de  Terres)  OVo'- 
Is,  for  their  hca'  ' 
are   ealled    'IJii!:. 

Ihe  eahiii  to  keep  i   ! 
i;er  it   works  for  il  > 
)d  ;  tliis  tiie.v  rej;  iii: 
I ;  no  onianieiits  ;ii' 
ineu.     Tliey  are  eilu 

The  mcciiitc  woiii.i' 

Itiirdens  and   woik- 
this  violent  exeni- 
lore  rolmst.     No  m 
!  ease.     Ii  eaii},dil 
'Ives,  and  are  apji,!! 

(pp.  .V.Kl.  ."><tl). 
hear  their  pain  nm! 

.WL'). 

»  not  hear  their  p;ii 
ikness,  and  tiie.v  1>| 
riie.v  kill  tlie  inoilM 
.  heeaiise  one  nioih' 

hers  to  lirint;  nji.  ! 
i  yet  ill  tile  eradh  . 


!  hi'oiij,dit  up  in  tlie  I'aiuiiy,  and  tvliat  appears  slraiiye,  old  }>raiidiiiotii- 
n  -,  who  iiavo  pas.sed  tlu^  aj;e  of  iiavinj;  children,  liave  their  iiiiik  return 
'..  ilieiii,  and  take  tlie  plaeo  of  tiic  niotlier.  Indians  love  tlieir  i'iiildren 
Aitli  an  extreme  passion,  and  aUliou.iili  they  do  not  siiow  tiieir  affection 
li\  lively  caresses,  as  do  the  Europeans,  tlieir  tenderness  is,  iiowever,  not 
|r>-i  real.  They  suckle  their  chihlren  as  loiij;-  as  they  are  able,  and  do 
ii.it  wean  tlicin  but  from  necessity.  I  have  seen  children  three  or  four 
\(  ais  old  takiii;^  milk  with  their  younp'r  brothers"  (p.  oiK!). 

Ill  kSoutli  America  the  same  eiistoiii  si'ems  to  oiitain  tlmt  wi;  have 
>i'(ii  in  Nortli  America,  namely,  in  the  tropics  the  carrying  of  children 
n  I  he  shawl  or  sii^h,  and  bedding  it  in  tlie  liaiiinio(  k;  wiiile  in  the  colder 
ic^ioiis  the  cradJe-frame  ai»peais.  Frames  corresponding;'  to  some  in 
Niii  111  .America  are  found  in  Peru.  Simon  de  Schtyvcr,  in  his  lioyanme 
rAiaiicanie-l'atajr<»nie  (18S7),  ti;;iires  at  iiaj^e  21  an  Araucanian  woman 
ariyiny  a  child  in  a  frame  (Fig.  ;3!t),  which  seems  to  be  nothing  more 


^^ 


Fig.  39. 

AU.\IC.\NI.\N    WdM.VN  (AllllVINi.   Cllll.l 
iliry>..r'..  ■■|l..y.i.. 'I' \ 


(Frniii  Miii.Mi  til*  .'ifliry^.t'-.   "  Iti.y.i.i .1'  \r,i.i.  ,i r.tt.i«..rii''.") 

than  a  short  ladder,  with  crossbars.  On  this  frame  thec-hild  is  lashed, 
the  head  being  peitectly  free,  except  that  the  louer  part  of  the  occiput 
rests  against  the  top  cross  bar,  as  in  the  case  ol"  the  Polynesian  pillow, 
In  addition  to  her  living  Ireiglit  the  woman  carries  in  front  a  bag  ol 
U.  Mis.  (i()(».  pt.  Ii 11 


•J  10 


Kr.l'oK 


)1'    NAIIONAI.     MISKIM,    1SS7 


l>ri)\i>i<iiis  sii«>|'('i 


mI.iI  liy  .1  cord  ilciii-iHliiii;  tVom  tlii'  ht'iiil-strai>  at 


junction  w 


itli  till'  c'ratlli'-lniiiu' 


li:  ;(ll'    iVdlll 

.    i.     :m   1' 
I  ;rna  (It'l 


„  J 


) 


1 


i\ 


Tlif  iiiscri 
iH'l-wor! 


I'iu'.  in, 

I'l  i;ki-<ii  (ivr-l   '  Ma^ilN'^  a  Ciiiiii  i^   I'l  hui  l  i;  >  I'.xc  K. 

ill.  .1-  |-l,..l...    Ml.  iu  I  .  ^    N.  >l 


A  Iciiluii'  111   I  lie  wcaviii.;  of  till'   l';ila.L;(tiii;iii  wallet  is  wortliy  oi'  at 
(fill  ion.  ;illiioii,i;li  its  (li.'.scTipl  ion  would  he  lici  liT  ill  a  piiixT  on  wcaviii. 


'J'iicn'  i>-  ill  tlic  National   Miiscuni 


iiiit'lta<'  iVoiii   .MafUt'iix.ic   I'ivi 


and  anoiliur  Iroiii   Ivodink,  made  ot  cxcfcdin^ily  liiic  habhiclit'  or  bin 


skill  cut  into  striii''' 


Tlic  wciiviiiu   is  cllcctcd  l»v  iiicaiis  of 


cliaiii  til'  liiill'iiilclics.  en,  li    loiip  ciii^lit    inlo  loop   licldw.      In  Ccnti: 


Aiiiciic 


I,  ('\ ciyw  licic.  Iliiiii  ;;inds  of  oprii  iict-worl 


liaus  of  all  sizes  an 


J 


CRADLKS    (»F    IIIK    A.MliKU.'AN    Ai(OKI(iI.Ni:S. 


■ill 


L'iul-.stiai»  iit    ;> 


ii:  iilc  t'roiii  tlu'  pitii  lihtT,  tlic  sliiii^s  of  wliicli  loop  in  llic  .siuiic  iriaii- 
11,1,  -11  IViii  tlic  saiiu'  stitt'li  (icciiis.  hikI  ikiw  fioiii  ratafioiiia  and 
Titiia  (U'l  l''iu'j;o  \vc  receive  examples  of  the  saiiie  inetliod  of  weaviiiy. 


ii>;>^ 


I'ii;,  41. 
OhTJAK    •  ItAllV  .ll  Mil  U." 

'I'lic  iiisertidii  (d'a  md  t>v  a  humlle  of  iiislics  serves  to  convert  the  open 
lict-wdik  liai;-  into  a  watei-ti.ulit  wallci  or  a  v\<j:U\  Itasiiet. 


:^^  4*p"'^''  "^ 


<'t  is  woi'tliy  of  ai 
paper  on  \veavin_ 
.Mackenzie  liivt  i 
Itabbielu'  oi'  bnrk 

runs  of  atlli>- 

lelow.      In   Centi; 

ays  of  all  sizes  an 


OST.IAK  CllAIH.U. 

(FtoMi  ."■fluiliiiiV  ••  Mill  nil  ni  A<i,i.") 


212 


WKTOKT    nl'    NAI'IONAL    MISKKM,    lSh7. 


Aiiotiior  MM  tlidil  <il CaiiN  iiij; cliildrcii  is  sliown  in   I'"!;;.  10.    Tlio 'm,. 

MiaM  tlu'  icrt'prcsi'ntfd  is  a  'I'liiUisli  (iyp  ,\. 
aMtl   liii>  cliild  lias  Itccii  plaiu'd  in  a  |)>>| 
dlci's  pack  for  convi'iii»'ii<!e  (tfcaiTyiii;; 

Tin-  it'sourccs  of  tlH>  IMiist'iiin  do  i ni 
justify  aiiUliin;;  liki'  an  cxliaustivc  Inii. 
incnt  of  the  casti'iii  continiMit.  In 
three  lij;uies  shown  (Fifis.  43,  41,  45) 
see  tht  Noitlu'in  device,  in  whicli 
safety  of  tiie  eliild  fnMii  cohl  is  tiio  n 
sonrce  of  anxiety.  The  Japanese  unit 
is  con('«'iiied  partly  witli  teMii»erature  ami 
partly  witii  transpoitaiioM.  The  AlVirm 
MM)ther  eonsnits  transportation  al(ii:r, 
There  is  nothinji'  in  the  ordinary  tre.ii 
inent  of  tlie  ehihl  to  (xtcasion  a  delorin  ;\ 
of  tlie  eiiiMiuiM.  AMy  ehan}j;e  of  the  sh;i  r 
of  tlie  iieatl  Muist  be  attril)iited  to  con/;i n 
ital  causes  or  to  custom. 


liii' 


lllc 
i;iiii 


IIT 


l-'ii;    4;;. 
Al'\cili:  Si.ii' vu  CMniMVi.    >  Ciiu.li. 


Fiu.  45. 
Ai'iiicAN  Woman  i  aiuivi.ni;  a  Cuiil' 


NOTES      C 


TIui  iicco 

r     |)lriiient  to 

jl     Aliorifjinef^ 

•i     I  he  sidtjeet 

<  liildren  in 

^    "htaininj;; 

ill  reeeiv* 

The  autl 

ill)'  lihrariii 

lull  for  Miai 

inlentiiM 

I  ml  iliaii  o 

iiccM  atteni 

of  men,  i)ii 

I  T.iuial  typ 

\1.    Topina 

li'Hi    with 

iiijiiin'MMM 

i  \(;essive, 

many  whi(J 

dcviatioiisl 

3    daces  in  t 

lions  in  llil 


ICCdMM  s  tl 


oj;(»ns  par| 
As  a  M 
llM'ir  elen 
vei'telira; 
aiMitcMMic; 


m  (1( 


tail 


{fr 


|'h<iluK[.i|>li  III   I'.  «.  N.  M. ) 


of  an  or; 
In  additil 
Hn,\  eiMMi 
:i  standal 
from  art 
loi^ieal  I 
that  will 
iu)t  at  a| 
fornu'r  \| 

Aiiit'i'ica 


AUTIl'ICIAL    DEFORMATION    OP   CIIILUUEN. 


2i:i 


;;.«(».     Tlie\\o. 
rrmkisli  (iyii  .\. 

tlact'ii  ill  a  |><  ^ 
ft'  <)r(;:ii'rviiij; 

llllSt'lllll     do     Inl 

Kliaiistivc  tic  ii 
litiiicnt.     Ill   lie 
js.  i;?,  44,  45)  a,. 
',   ill   wliicli    till. 
folil  is  tlio  main 

iipancsi^  iiiutlii  r 
:ciii|)(>ratiii'(>  ami 
111.  Tilt-  A  Trie  III 
lioi'talioii     aUiir. 

oniiiiarv  ticii 
isidii  a  (Iftbriiiii) 

iiij^v  of  tlu'  Sllll.r 

Imtod  to  conti'  I 


iMAN   1  AU11VIN(.   A  CUll.l' 
i.lc.Kr.ilOi  III  I'.  ».  N.  M. ) 


NOTES     ON     THE     ARTIFICIAL      DEFORMATION     OF     CHILDREN 
AMONG    SAVAGE    AND    CIVILIZED   PEOPLES. 

Lwnii  A  nnii.KKiKAniY.] 

My  Dr.  .1.  II.  I'oinKK. 

rii((  iU'coiiipaiiyiiig  notes  are  eolleetcd  IVom  various  sources  as  a  siip- 

lilriiit'iit  to  Professor  .Mason's  pajuM'  on  "The  Cradles  of  tlie  Aiiicrieaii 

.Mioiifjines.''*     The  lime  allotted  did  not  permit  the  eom[>iler  toe.xliaiist 

^    I  he  siil»je(!t,  but  enoiijrii  is  here  {jfiven  to  show  tlie  jiraetiees  coneeniiiifi 

f  iiildreii  ill  their  lirst  year  throughout  the  world,  and  tlie  varied  lieliefs 

■litaiiiiiij;'  as  to  the  elleets  of  sucli  Irealment.     In  the  future  the  siihjeet 

ill  receive  more  earefiil  and  systeinatie-  study. 

riic  author  eiubraees  this  op])ortunity  to  express  his  oUlijijalioii  to 
ill!'  liliiaiians  of  the  State,  War,  and  Navy  Departments  at  Washiny- 
!iiii  for  iiiaiiy  courtesies, 

liitciitioiial  modilicalions  of  the  form  of  the  head,  although  le.ss  gen- 
t  ill  than  other  fashions  by  which  eonforiiiity  U)  an  ideal  (>f  beauty  lias 
iiccii  attciiiped,  liave,  nevertheless,  been  widely  prevalent  among  races 
nl  iiieii,  but  can  not  be  said  to  include  all  the  variations  from  an  average 
nniial  type  actually  e.xistiiig  in  nature.  The  ethnical  classiticatioii  of 
\1.  Topinard  (roiements  d'Anthropologie  (ieiierale)  displays  deforina 
li'iii  with  retereiice  to  race  in  a  manner  which  fiiltills  all  jiractical 
ie(|iiii'ements.  Deforiiiity  is,  however,  as  real  when  slight  as  when 
J  xtu'ssive,  and  apart  from  those  distortions  he  has  described,  from  the 
many  which  are  due  to  pathologic  d  causes,  and  Ihe  yet  more  numerous 
deviations  from  symnu'try  wliicli  unintentionally  exerted  pressure  pm- 
diiees  in  tlu-  incompletely  ossilied  skull,  there  still  reiiiaiii  llio.se  varia- 
lioiis  ill  the  pi'oces.sesof  ii'drition  and  growth  through  which  assymetry 
liecoiiH  s  the  rule  not  in  the  I  ead  and  not  in  man  only,  but  in  the  homol- 
ogous parts  of  all  axially  devlopcil  animals. 

As  a  matter  of  fact,  and  exclusive  of  the  embryological  i«b'iitity  of 
their  elemcnt.s  an  idea)  head  is  no  inor*^  demonstrable  than  an  ideal 
vertebra;  and  whatever  may  be  hereafler  accmiiplislied,  at  present  the 
anatomical  and  iiliysiological  constants  of  neither  can  be  detciniiiied 
ill  detail.  It  therefore  ai)pears  to  be  inexact  to  speak  of  the  deformities 
of  an  organ  whose  (!oiiformatii)ii  has  not  been  distinctly  a.scerfained. 
In  addition  to  this,  only  a  small  ]iortion  of  mankind  have  arii\ed  at 
any  common  .judgment  on  the  subject  of  cranial  <'ontour,  and  wherever 
a  standard  is  furnished  by  such  a  consensus  of  «  piiuoii,  this  is  «leiived 
,|  from  art  and  not  ire:  i  science.  Roth  emiiirical  knowledge  and  physio, 
logical  principles  Justify  the  general  conclusion  that  the  artistic  form  is 
that  which  is  usually  a.ssociated  with  sujierior  brain  power ;  but  it  does 
not  at  all  follow  that  an  alteration  of  outline  that  would  destroy  the 
former  would  similarly  alfcct  the  latter.     Such  facts  undoubtedly  dis- 

■  Mosi  of  tlic  liij^lio^iajiiiy  n'liiliii'f  1"  llm  iutiticiul  ileforuiiilion  ol' cLiklrtu  in  North 
AiiK-rica  in  ciiiljodifd  in  I'loi'esMor  Muhdh's  work. 


214 


IIKPOIM"    Ol"    NATIONAL    MI'SKUM,  1««7. 


u» 


panifit' aliUf  lilt' iiiciIkkIs  ;iml   llir  results  ol' iiiitlii'opolojiiciil  ri'scn.  i, 
ill  coitiiiii  iliicftioiis,  liiil  llifv  iicitiit'i'  oln  i;ilc  tlif  necessity  ol'  iiiitiiil 
I'mtlier  study  iVoiii  existiii.:;  iiiloi  iiiatioii,iior  iiiij)!!;;!!  its  value  as  a  win  ,, . 
Ill  eoiisitieiiim  the  natural  liistorv  ol'  the  liiiiiiaii  head,  aeeoiiiit  iini-t 


»rn  I) 


I'  liie  I'aet  that  man,  w  liiie  ik*!  alone  in  this  I'espeet,  is  iie 


be  t; 

tlieless  an  exeecdin^^Iy  aliiTrant  loria  anion;;'  the  Maiiiinaiia.  On  ;i 
theory  of  life.  Iiowe-.er,  exi'i'i'l  that, of  s|ieeial  creation,  and  indepei 
eiit!,\  of  (•onllictin^-  estimates  of  the  systematic  implications  of  sti'Uelni 
the  oivuanizaliiin  ol  iliis  most  liiuhly  s|)eciali/ed  hein^'  must  be  rejiaiih 
as  the  oiiicoiiie  of  descent,  with  moditication,  and  should  thei'elbre  I 
considered  ill  eoiiiu'ct ioii  with  that  of  the  ;;ronps  to  which  man  is  ail 
iated. 

As   has  liceii  said,  there  In  no  absolute  form  for  the    head  <»i'  (or  ll 


vei  lebr;e  ol  w  iurJi    it    is  roin| 


i|io>eil,  and  the  lad  that   all  clas.>ilicalii 


restini;  upon  iis  li-iiliiies  have  faileil,  does  nol  eiicoiira^c  the  iiope  IIl;' 
the  resn!l>  soiiuli!  tliriMmlMiaiiii'iiieii  \  will  licallained  i)\  means  ol    ;, 
descriptive  aiialom.v .     All  liiat  can  lie  pro|>ei  ly  alliiined  is,  that  dnrn  . 
tlie   immemorial   sciies  ol   adjiislmcnts   li\   which   the  mammals  cnli 
iialfd   III   man.  and   le  w  liich  c\  oliitiniial   clian;;'es  of  all   orders  an-  : 
clmli  ll.  I  lie  iniiiiaii  lie.id    ^siimcd  .in  iiicompji  i(l\  dislinci  ive  form,  w  hi 
is.  both  in  itselt  and  in    lie  caii>es  w  Inch  deleiiiiine  its  variations,  niii 
or  less  clearly  irvealed   iii  liie  tribal   history  of  maiiUind.     The  sta; 
iiH'iiI  thai  tlie  aiiiliropDid   le-ad    brcomcs  less  linman  with  dexelopnn 
has  been   ueiicr.illy  iimlcil  willi    ihe  a'^smiipt ion    that  this   implies  n 
iKiitant  li'eiiciic  dilfeicnccs  IhIn'ccii  them,  and  if  the  olocrvation  \\i  !• 
true  in  the  sense  in  which  il    isfni  the  most  part  understood,  it  won!.: 
do  so.      its  special  siuiiilicaiice  is.  liowcxcr.  dcliacted  fi'Mn  by  the  ;  ■ 
ei.il  truth  that    in  /oolo^^y  ilie  iiilc  i>  that,  foi'  obvious  reasons.  ,\oiii'. 
ciciiiires  are  less  diifcicniiatcd   llian   those  which   are  mature;   wliili. 
on  tlic  oilier  hand.  I'le  d.ili'iiitv  of  diseiiminat  iiii;  between   tlie  adiiz 
iiiaiii>  of  some  (d'  tlie  liiuhrr  apes  and  those  ot' certain  sa\a^fs,  nri\  !" 


I    Me  speriii 

lie.       Ill  I 

;1m   nervoin 

:e  coiispic 

iie  e\  reim 

,al  its  con 

I'M  mil  ies  ; 

I  .■iiirasled 

roii\ eys  in 

i>l  the  head 

\>\  the  .Man 

\o  variatic 

Mie  inliiiem 

uiaii  head  \ 

|il|u|o;,'y  of 

fhe  |■aet^ 


coiisitlcred  a- 


i|iiaiil'\  ill-  the  former  assertion  to  so  yreat-  a  decree  a> 


sii'ju'est  error,  or  at   least    iiie\,ict iiess,  in   the  observation.     No  don' 
the  nii>lalve  i-,  paitiall\   ai  i  i  iiiiii  alile  lo  misccMiccpl  ions  arising'  ('KUa    - 
i'iea  of  the  li\ity  of  .-.peeie-.  Imi!    ill    ilvelf.  the  error  is    iiuohed    ill 
cniniiari^ons  betwicn  iiniike  Ihiiius.     'I'o  feiiiul  a  paraihd   upon  the  i 
teriial  tabl<s  of  the  skull,  as  if  these  were  e(|iially  chai'acteristie   ai 
siiiiilariy  developed    III  a  gorilla  and  a  man,  is  to  iiieliide   in   the  ten  i 
ili>siiiiilai'  eleillelil  -,  and   I  hereby  \  it  jale  t  he  com  pari  son.      'I'lie  e(mtoii: 
of  the  iiead  in  these  in.-laiices  aie  dilfereiitiy  related,  and,  consideiin 
llie  plates  of  the  skull   especiall.v ,  t  he  external   table,  of  the  ape's  c: 
Ilium  is  much   mme  promineni  ly  associated  with   the  miiseiilar  ,ipp 
aiiis  I  lian  is  t  lie  case  w  ilh   man.  in  w  lioin   the  subordination  td'  liiei 
lii'ehead  to  I  lie  eiiceph.iloii   is  except  loiial.     This  is  but  a  sin;;le  illn 
nation  of  the  ^'1  iieral  fart  that  Ihrniii^liniit  the  \-ertebrate  (dass  theci, 
niiiiii   jirojier,  amid   inniiinei  able  siili(.idiii;"e  vai-iatimis,  assumes  li 


I      iinlllal   rec( 

■i 

I    ill    spei'ial. 
hj    ai'Hc  iiiiniC' 
I    1  ;c's  of  his 
s    admit    ot   ci 
loiality  to 
aiammallai 
\  elopmelil 
more  re^'ii 
or^ani/.al  ii 
mass  incre 
col  resjiolii 
Thes.-   II 
c.O'ordinall 
directly.  t| 
crea.sed 
m'ow  in  III 
comitai 
the  fealiil 
]ihalic^a| 
brain,  aiif 

What, 
moi'iiholil 
(pule  va 
seipieiieil 
of  (aanii 
tallied  vl 
weaUeuil 
Hkull  as 
the  or"'i 


AIM'II'ICIAL    l>i;i"OUMAll(».\    OF    CIIILDKKN. 


•Jlo 


lld^ical  resell i|) 

<ny  of  iiiitiiiti  i; 

line  !is  ;i  \vlii.|( , 

|(l,    lICCOIIIll     lllllvl 

<pf('t,  is  iii'\ .  , 
liiiialiii.     On  ail'. 

and  JiKlfpciiil 
Ions  of  stiiictiiii', 
liMst  !)('  rcyni'iliil 
|imI('1  tlicrcfoic  :  . 
Iiicli  man  is  an 

'    lirail  or  I'or  '    , 
ill   i'las>irii'aiii  ,'- 
,ui-  liic  hojic  til   ' 
il  ii\  means  nl    ;> 
(1  is.  liiiil  (liiiiii- 
mammals  eiilf, 
ill   orders  are  i 
el  ive  form,  \\  Iii< 
s  variations,  mi.i 
.iml.     'I'iie  stai' 
w  '!li  dext'lopnii  : 
I  this   implies  i :; 
oiiservation  w i  !■ 
lei'stood.  it  woiiiii 
1  fi'Mii  l>y  the  ;  >  h 
IS  reasons,  \  on 
'e  mature;   wIiim. 
let ween   the  ;nli' 
I  sava^res,  111  i,\ 
lat  a  de.inree  a^- 
alioii.     No  don  ' 
IS  arisinu'  from   ■ 
s  in\ol\ed    in 
allel   upon  the  < 
haraetei  isi  ie  ;iii.i 
hide   in   I  he  |eiiii« 
ill.     'I'iie  <'imt(iii:- 
,  and,  eonsideriiiu 
'  of  I  lie  ajie's  c  i 
■  mn->enlar  app- 
inal  ion  of  the  < 
Ittit  a  sin;;le  illi.- 
rate  elass  the  ei  i 
oils,  assumes  i!i' 


Hie  S 


pecializcd  eliaraeler  of  a  Inaiii fase  as  we  ascend  in  the  organic^ 
-.  lie.  Ill  fishes,  where  tln^  head  eonlains  oilier  or},faiis  than  those  of 
ihr  nervous  systeiii,  its  iiidelinile  relations  to  the  eereitrospinai  axis 
;ceoiis|)ieiioiis.  A  moil  j;  the  ileptilia,  liioiii;ii  euiiiainin.u  only  the  Inaiii, 
:lic  ex'reme  dispropoi  I  imi  liet  ween  the  head  and  ils  eontents  indicates 
:ii,il  ils  eoiilormily  with  I  he  eereliral  Ljan-lia  is  siilwidiai>  toolhereoii- 
I  .iiiiilies;   while   in    iiirds  the  limited    raii^e  of  llie  cranial  eavitv. 


as 


.-ntrasted  with  ils  raiiyt'  when  eompared  willi  the  inilk  of  the  liody, 
■iiiiveys  in  a  iiiodilied  form  the  implieat  ion  of  iiiereasiim' speeiali/alion 
PI  I  I  1  he  head.  A:;  iiii^iit  he  expected,  the  aiialnmiciij  cv  nleiice  furnished 
ii\  the  .Mammalia  is  eorroltoral  i\ c  of  liml  derived  lidiii  lower  liioiips. 
\n  variation,  however  eNlreiiie,  is  eoinpeleiit  to  free  a  siiiictiire  from 
ilie  iiitlneiice  of  heredily.  and  il  miulil  he  aruiied  n  ptimi  ihal  the  liii 
nan  head  would  iiave  I  he  oiiiline>  of  its  liisloi  v  delincnicd  in  llic  mor- 
|.li(ilo^y  of  the  primaies. 

I' he  facts  in  1  Ins  instance  J  iisl  ify  i  he  ani  ieinalioii.  .\s  in  I  he  dev  elop- 
iiiciilal  record  of  hirds.  anion;; w  hicli  I  he  oriii I  liic  stamp,  eit  her  general 
'ir  special,  is  hut  gradually  and  indirccilv  evolved,  so  nlso  with  the 
iiiMie  inimediate  eoii;;eii<'i's  of  man,  w  here  I  lie  more  salient  <'liaractei  is- 
iics  of  his  ty|ie,  distrihiited  tliroii^hoiil  a  uronp  of  aiil  liropoids.  do  not 
ailiiiil  of  eonsccntiv f  arranv.ement.  and  can  not  healtrihiiled  in  their 
lolality  to  any  speeilic  toriii.  I'ldiii  the  primates,  as  rnnii  Ihe  other 
iiiammaliaii  siih-elasses,  a  cranial  liunre  inv  olv  cd  in  the  meiamerie  de- 
velopment of  f  lie  eiieephalon,  madnallv  ilisen;;aues  itself  and  hecomes 
more  regular  and  more  iletiniie  in  ils  eerehral  lelal  ions  as  i  he  L:rade  of 
ornani/.alion  iselevaleil;  sotliat  I  he  pinliles  ssociated  with  uaiiulionic 
mass  iiKM'ease  in  prominence,  while  those  v\  hi,  .i  are ot  liervvisc  associated 
coirespoiidin^ily  diiniinsh. 

Tlie.se  inatomical  traits  link  themselves  nalniallv   wiih  physioloffieal 
coordinate.-;.      I'lvciy where  encephalic  stiiieiiiie  is  relaled.  thoiiuii  not 
directly,  to  tiineiioii.      lailiaiici'd  iinporlanee  in  the  hraiii  implicales  in- 
creased solidaiilv    ill   the  entire  oi  uanisin.     .\s   the  eerehral  eleiiienls 
;;i'ow  in  mnltiplicil  V .  variety,  and  complexity,  t  his  development  is  eoii- 
coinitant  with  cranial  amalgamation,  with  pro,:;'ressive  ohliteration  of 
the  teatnres  attaeliiii}^  to  iovver  forms,  with  eondensation  of  the  eiice- 
]diali(' gaii^ilia.  with  a  more  direct  <'(nresi  ion  deuce  hel  \\i  en  I  he  skull  and 
brain,  and  tinallv    .villi  a  ;;rca'.er  conform iiy  of  the  hodywith  the  head. 
Whatever  phylo;4enetie  siiiiiilieance  iiiav  he  t'onnd  in  t  hese  facts,  their 
iiioi'i)liolo;;ical   and    pl•■ysioh■^ical    heariiiLi'   i-^   nnmisiakahle.     'l'hroii,i;h 
(|iiite  various  st  iik;!  iiral  }:i'adatioiis  there  ajipcirs.  tlioii;;li  not  in  linear 
seipieiice,  "a  series  of  forms,"  which  nil imalely  display  In  niotlili<'atioiis 
of  (  raiiial  contour  a  more  delinite  eoaplalion  of  the  envelo|ii>  to  itseoii- 
tained  visciis  in  dcv clopmenlal   inoiiress,  and   in   I  he  falliiii;' away  a''.,i 
weaken  in;.;'  of  its  muscular  at  lac  I  imeiils,  *  ,ie  para  nioii  lit  fiinetioii  of  tli(.' 
hUuII  as  ,1  hrain-ease,  and  the  snhordinalion  of  its  struct'. re  to  that  of 
the  <ui;an  wliieh  it  iiiclo.ses. 


m 


2i(; 


K'KI'OUT    OK    NATIONAL    MISKIM,   \H>^^. 


U 


It  is  not  neccssiiry  liorc  to  ('lUisidiT  tlic  clt'inciitK  \vlii(!li  coiiiposc  . 
;iiii(' loriii  (Utile  coinlitioiis  tliiit  (Iftfiiiiinc  tlicir  iuran^'cmciit.     'I 


liiiiu;. 


1" 


occss.  so 


tar  IIS  till'  lifiul  is  coiici'i iicd,  luis  hccii,  to  a  yn'at  extcri. 


iiiiislvcd  iiiiKiii;^  tlif  Vfitchratfs  by  adaptation  t(»  otlier  tliaii  oii(M'i»Ii;i 
ri'liitidiis,  wliilt'  lilt'  i>ait  was  cariird  tlinui^ii  tlic  cartilajiiiioiis,  hcp 
ossniiis.  iniainal,i;arnat('d.aii(I('(>nsnlidalfd  tyju's  ol'(;iaiiia,  tooiu'  wliit 


as  icpirsciitativc  of  tlic  most   iiiiporlaiit  or; 


an  ill  tlic  body,  lias  ii 


coin  MM. Illy  scli'ft  I'd  l>y  tlic  a  lit  liropolo;jjists  lor  in  \  estimation,  and  };tMicra  I' 
liclievcl   to   promise  results  coi  responding  with   its   position   and   Ii 
riiiietioii  il  sustains.     Tried  by  tlic  tests  alloided  by  ci'aiiionietry,  liow 
ever,  it  a|)peais  to  have  little  or  no  taxiiiomical  value,  siinv  tli'.MHitcoiii 
of  these  iin  asiiremeiits  is  to  transpose  races  and  I'ilso  peoples  otiieiwi 


iiiow  II  to  lie  distiiicl. 


At  the  same  time,  in  man,  cranial  outlines  are  iiiKpU'stionaldy  pii 
poiHleiaiitl.N  detcrmiiicil  by  the   brain,  while  the   featnre.s  by  which  il - 
action  isobsciired  have  been  so  iVeipicntlx  and  coiii]iletcly  described  th;' 
tin'y  need  iini  be  recapitulated.     Ihit  altlioiij;h  this  stateiiient  holds  hi 
the  iiiorpholo^ical  side  of  the  (Hle^li(nl,  from  the   physioloj;ical  stain; 
]uiiiit  the  CISC  IS  not  the  same.     The  brain  limits  the  shape  of  the  lieai; 
and   is  itself  limited  by  the   laws  of  j;ro\\|li,  heredity,  and   struct  in  a 
conelaliviiy :    but   in   the  jiheiiomeiial  series  «'erebral  development   i- 
antecedent   to  cranial  evolniioii,  and  the  relation   subsistin;;   betveen 
these — a  relation  which   is  in  its  nature  <-ansal,  so  far  as  shape  is  con 
♦•eric  (1 — places  tiie  factors  nnoii  ditfereiit  planes.     In  virtue  of  |iicpoii 
derani  function  and   c<piiv.ilcnt   piepoiideraiice  of  strnetiire  in  special 
ganjilia,  a  general  form  of  head  has  been  attained:  but  from  lliictuation-' 
jii  the  cneriiics  by  whicli  it  was  produced  in  corres]»oiidene«  with  varia 
tioiis  in  the  conditions  of  life,  this  I'oriii  varies  both  in  linman  and  pre 
hiiiiian  history,  and  so  widely  as  to  have  thus  far  prevented  classili 
cation. 

That  the  (irfraii  thron^li  which  all  atlinstments  to  tlio  (Mivironnient 
are  primarily  made  should  vai'y  aiiioiiy  j:ioiii)s  w  hose  lowest  av;mi'ej;ate.-- 
are  iieailyas  passive  to  the  direct  action  of  natural  selection  as  beasts, 
and  whose  higher  fiiiii>  are  but  pailiallx  and  incompletely  adjusted,  is 
not  snrinisinj; :  and  wliilc  it  must  be  assumed  ii|>(ni  biolojiieal  jironnd> 
tliat  Ihe  plaslicit.N of  the  brain  has  lessened  since  its  deviation  from  ihc 
ancestral  type,  win-net'  issued  in  divei-ei't  lilies  that  of  man  and  liis 
con  j^'cners,  still,  the  tacts  of  descent  siijii^cst  that  to  its  organic  varlabi  lit  \. 
and  to  that  cxiiressed  in  specilic  adaplat  i(Uis,  ilicr*^  must  be  added  a 
strong  inherited  leiideiicy  in  this  direction. 

The  cerebral  history  of  the  primates  seems  to  warrant  the  theoretical 
eoncliisiiMi  that  among  llie..e  great  variability  of  the  head  exists. 

In  Leiniirida',  wlicr*'  the  <aaiiiiiin  relatiNcly  to  the  face  is  small,  and 
the  elhiiioidal,  teiilorial,  and  occipital  jilaiies  are  greatly  iinilined  to- 
wards the  basi-cranial  axis,  the  brain  scarcelv  exceeds  the  buso  of  the 


,ii 


111 
iia 


The  al 


li  those  o 
III  in  <'t'i'< 
lions  "»)i': 


1 1|,.   low  liKl 


ihe  ax'.s  ol 
I  ,  Mycete- 
In  Chryso 
:ir.iter  pi' 


til 


•itex  IS  ai 


impart 


(I  \i 


skull  ill  length,  where 


IS  ill  Si  III  ia(  he  the  eiice|)lialon  is  more  than  twice  as 


I,  iitoriuin 
icarly  as  il 
•  alci  fa«le 
Nictipithec 
iiig  of  the  a 
II  Ateles  r 
Diversiti 
.rronp,  pnt 
rhiiies  and 
are  etinaU.N 
no  space,  i 
Colobi  var 
the  same  s 
cal  eranim 
whom  an 
absence. 

With  re 

it  is  prim: 

connect  i«)! 

"inTVons 

except  CO 

utlii'  Itni] 

cellnbir, 

nuiss  atli 

this  Clin 

v'luiiea  o 

bis  class 

Of  coi 

shape,  0 

tions  an 

inent,  c,( 

dis(;onti 

exists  il 

ignored 

sluill  b( 


»a 


ARTIFICIAL    DKFOUMATION    OF   CHILDREN. 


217 


|i«'ii  coinposc  (1) 
|'"«:fiiicii(,    'I:,,. 

;'"'"  •'''(•('pliiii,,. 

jil,  looiic  whir    . 
(••O'l.V,    Ilil8    I.,'. 

j>si(i()ii  iind  I, 
iiidiiu'trv.  Ii(r 

M'v'  tllMoUtCDI;  . 

'■^tioiiably  j,i( 
"^  '».v  which  ii. 
•l<'N('iil)('(|  til, I 

'IIH'llt  holds  ,, 

<>l<»«-i('al  sfjiiii; 
I"'  •>'■  the  h(.;i,i 

'"•1    Stlllctlir;i 

'\<'I<»|>IIIC|lI     I 

sfill-i-    iM't   Vr.Mi 

'"ip"'  is  con 
"II'  oC  pc-jpoi, 
"re  in  N|Mci;i 
"""iictiiiitioiis 
'<'<'\nfh  viiii.i 

lll'llll    ;mi«|  |»|v 

»"iUm1  cliis.siii 

<'iivin»iiiiicii( 

St  a;--;in.o;,,,,, 

i'»"    lis    l)Ci|st.S. 

y  i'<i.iij.s(c(i,  is 

-'•■ill  nioiMidv 

'ioil   I'lOIII  Ihr 

'iiiiii  :iii(|   hjs 

t^'viiriahilitv. 

lie  added  a 

»'  flit'oictical 
'xist.s. 

■^  «mall,  and 
inclined  to- 
'Ja.se  of  tlie 
Ijiiii  twice  us 


loiii;.    The  anterior  cerebral  lol)e.s  in  tlie  Arct(»pithecini  compare  in  mass 

II  li  those  of  anthi(»p(»i(l.s,  while  the  posterior  lobes  are  more  dtn-eloped 

ill. Ill  ii>  certain  races  of  men.     Anionj;-  the  I'lal.vrrhiiii  <jreaf  cranial  va- 

I!  iiion.H'iorrcspond  with  extreme  c(»ntrasts  in  iirain  strnctnreand  mass. 

Im'  low  t'licial  an^le,  inclined  tentorial  plane,  and  perpendicnlarity  of 

Mil' ;ix!s  of  tIi(M)ccipitaI  foiamen  to  that  of  the  cranial  base,  belon;;-,  ;is 

i  .M,vcet«'s,  to  a  t.vpe  in  which  lliectucbellinii  is  scarcely  covered,  while 

in  rhrvsotlirix   the  posterior  lolies  of  the  ccreliini"!  are  of  relatively 

n.itcr  propoitions  than  in  anv  ol   the  Mammalia:  and,  inoreover,  the 

iilcx   is  arched,  the  facial  an  j,de  larj^e,  the  basi-cianial  axis  short,  as 

Miiiipared  with  its  cavity,  and  the  planes  of  the  occipital  foraaicn  and 

ii  iilorinni  aie  in  corr«'spon(lence.     'I'lie  surface  of  the  brain  in  ("ebn.s  is 

icarly  uh  mnch  <'oii\oliitcd  as  that  of  the   catanhiiic   apes,  but  the 

uli'i  fade  almost   to  obliteration  tliioiiyh    I'ithccia,  Chrysotlirix,  and 

Mclipithccus.     On  the  other  hand,  by  the  nearly  total  structural  mask- 

ii^'of  tlieannectant  yyri  of  the  external  perpemlicidar  lis.snre,  the  brain 

II  Atcles  rises  above  the  catarrliine  type. 

diversities  svh  as  these,  occurriiif;  within  the.  limits  of  a.  sini^le 
:ri>iip,  put  craiiKilo^ical  classilicatioii  out  of  the  (pu'stion;  but  in  Catar- 
iliiiies  and  Anthropida'  dilferences  obtain,  which.  tliou}fh  less  extreme, 
are  e(|iially  decisive,  and  without  anatomical  details,  for  which  there  is 
IM»  space,  it  may  be  said  that  the  heads  and  brains  of  Semnojiitlieci  and 
<'olol>i  vary  from  those  of  Macaci  and  Cynocephali  as  si;iiii(icantly  as 
I  he  same  structures  do  in  thennmlike  apes.  Ajuiarently,  then,  no  typi- 
cal cranium  exists  amon^'  the  simians  any  more  than  amonj^  men,  from 
whom  an  artistic  preconception  ha.s  to  a  j^reat  extent  concealed  its 
absence. 

With  repird  to  this  standard  of  art,  also,  it  must  bo  remembered  that 
it  is  primarily  one  of /'o/w,  while,  pliysiolo<;ically,  form  has  no  necessary 
('(Mincction  with  the  c(uistitution  of  a  }jfaiij;lit»n.  Such  «'xpressions  as 
"nervous  arc"  and  "rellex  action"  emithasize  as  if  essential,  that,  which, 
except  contingently,  has  notliiii};- to  do  with  either  curves  oranples.  In 
''the  buildin:,'  of  a  brain  "  the  terminal  elements  of  nervous  tracts  are 
cellular,  and  a}X}j;lomeiation  therefore  results  in  the  composition  of  a 
mass  attached  to  a  pedi«!le.  Nothinjf  which  is  generally  more  exact  than 
this  can  bi'  advanced.  Components  like  these  nnike  up  the  parts  and 
w'.ioies  of  all  nervous  systems,  and  how  they  have  cond)ined  in  man  and 
his(;lass,  and  with  what  defjree«»f  uniformity,  has  already  been  iinlicated. 
Of  course  it  is  not  meant  that  the  luunan  head  has  nt)t  an  averafjje 
shajic.  <u'  that  this  or  any  other  part  whose  conformation  is  due  to  ac- 
tions and  reactions  iielwecn  an  ancestral  group  and  its  entire  environ- 
ment, (!oidd  alter  otherwise  than  intinitesimally  nnder  the  incidence  of 
dis(!(Hitinuous  forces.  Nor  is  it  intended  to  .say  that  the  harmony  which 
exists  in  other  instances  between  an  organ  and  its  puperties  is  here 
ignored.  No  more  than  in  any  other  machine  or  structnro  can  the 
skull  be  considered  as  unaffected  by  the  laws  which  co-ordinate  luechan- 


21H 


I.'KI'OIM'    or    NATIONAI,    MUSIU M,   IHST. 


h 

i 

) 


\! 


iiii 


ii'iil  ill  III  I'll  net  ii  Ilia  I  rniicss  witli  riiin-iidMiil  iiikI  iiicrliiiniciil  n><|iiir«'iiii>iih. 
I;iil  ri'sciiiMiiiii't's  III'  tills  kiiiil  iirt'  ikiI  iIio.c  wliirli  ;m'c  cniilcinplatftl  m 
:iiitliin|)iiiiM'ti'.v,  wliriv  the  rcliiliiiiis  of  sliiictiiri-  iiiul  I'liiirtioii,  iiml  <  i 
I  lifsc  In  I  III' (  niiililions  of  lite.  Iia\t'  Imtii  tllsrt'^iirilt'il   in  :i  scarrli   |. 


IIKI 


rplinli'UiiMl  ('(iiis|;iiils.  wImisc  imiiii  iciici'.  iiihIit  IIm'  rirciiiMstaiic 


Miii'li  Itiil  iiol  all  has  Im'cii  doiir  ti 


wa-H  iHiild^icallv  iiiipDssiiiii'.  Miii'li  Dili  iioi  an  iias  im'cii  (loiir  inwaiil 
a  sticiicc  (il  mail,  ulu-ii  tlit'  ili\  crj^cnl  rmiiis  of  iijs  class  lia\t',  Iiccm 
iiiiilril  lt,\  I'oi  HIS  lliat  all'  iiilrriiirilialc,  ami  vvIm-ii  Ills  pfiii;;!'!'!'  has  Ih>i-ii 
rci'i'iisli  iirliil  on  III!'  basis  ul'  kiiislii|i.  'I'ln-  wlioir  iiiii'stiim  nl'  nirc  i. 
iiii'Imli'ii    ill  this   <:i'iii'i'ali/aliiiii,  allhuii^^h   il    is  no!    thi'it-lty   riill,\    f\ 

|il.liliril.  Ili'llhrl'  IS  il    likrl\    In  I  ir  I'l  llriilal  I'd  ll\    mra-lll'i'Mirllt  S. 

\\  ilhoiil  piirsiiiii,u  till'  siiliicii  riirihcr  il  iiiav  be  rcinaiLnl  tliat,al> 
strarll,\,  sti'iii'tiin-  ami  I'iiiu'Iidii  air  ili'lrrmiiii'il  in  all  or;;aiiisnis  h\  lln 
alliiiitii's  of  thrii' iinils  ol' romposiiion  ;  ilial  loiiiplcli'  hoino;^('nt'it_v  in 
a  uiniip  III   proioplasis  is  impnssiith'.  ami  lliat  initial  ili\  I'l'sitics  will  in 


ci'i'asr  (Ini  iiiu  r\  oliilioii 


TI 


II-  minntrm'ss  o 


I   III 


rsr  nlliinali's  mav  iin 


ailil  to  tli(>  ilH'liniltN  oT  t'oinpi'i  iii'iisioii  moi'i<  than  is  Ihi'  casr  wilii  thus 
ili'alt  with  \i\  moliriilar  plivsics  ami  rlninistiv.  Init  it  is  othi-iwist'  wlic 


till'   plaslirit.N    ot 


litr   is  aihlril.      Thai    ailaptation    is  roiiiii'ctril 


w  II 


rliaii;;rs  in  I'linctioii  ami  sinii'tnri'  is  olivioiis.  Iml  iicilhi'i'  in  an  oij^.m 
ism.  an  oi'^;in.  nor  in  l  hr  plastidiiirs  w  hirli  niniposr  ihrm,  is  ad  apt  at  imi 
a  liiial   Iriiii   in   tin-  pinurcss  rinm  honio^iciii'il  V  to  hi't('ro;;i'iicit\ ,  Iron. 
siiiipiifitN  loi'omi>l('\ils .  Iioiii  imli'liniti'iii'ss  todflinili'in'ss  ;  sincr,  with 
out  altt'ialioii  <it(l('im'iitai  v  nimpo>it  ion,  tlii'ic  air  no  ronrrivaldi'  cii 
(•niiislanccs  iimlrr  wliirli  ii'-adinstnii'iii  can  he  rrt'i''li'il. 

As  it  is  with  I  lii'sr  phi' IIOI  III 'na  w  linli  lio  at  I  hi'  Ion  ml  at  ion  of  lil'i',  sn 
is  il  w  illi  all  tlir  vital  plit'iioiiiriia  to  w  liirii  nalnial  and  si'\iial  sr h't'tioii. 
urowih,  survival,  ^riifsis.  Iicii'ility  applv.  Amid,  all  dr;;r('('s  ot'compo 
sitioii  ami  irnimposilion.  rniiclion  constitutes  ihr  snbslanco,  adapta 


tioii  t  III-  toi'in  III'  nil 


.vi-i'V  sialic 


II   d\  namical  distrilnitioii  of  or 


iaiiic  cmr.u.v  liy  wlii(-h  incident  loiccs  arc  met  is  im-lnded  in  I'lim-tioii  ; 
iml  liioii;:li  III  la  rue  groups  ol'iii  Lianisms,  correlative  c!iaiiji'cs,striictiiral 
iiid   fnm-tioiial.  oeeiir  slowly  and   within  »-oiiip:irati\i-ly  narrow  limits. 


vet  llie\  are,  in  the  nature  of  t 


IlllJi'S, 


relativciv  indelinite,  Init   coiil 


III 
vs 


UciitlN  pcrmam-iii.  and  do  not  at'lnid  on  this  siiliii-ct  tlie  data  w  liicli  s 
Iciiiatic  etliiiold^y  leipiires.  Not  liss  tlmii  its  co  ordinate,  llie  (-\oliition 
nli'uriii.  does  |iiiysiiiiuuieal  ili-\  elopmciit  pri-ss  lor  interpret  at  ion  in  e\  cry 
iliiotioii  ielaliii>;  to  race,  and  the  diK-tmie  that  all  factors  l»y  wliieli  dif 
leieiiees  aiiinim  men  are  unrked  out  are  resolvahle  into  results  of  i  he  in 
lercnuise  1  let  Ween  I  lii-se  and  t  he  conditions  under  which  the,\  are  plai-cd, 
is  essi-ntiaiiy  a  coiollaiy  tioni  liie  persisli-nce  ot    I'orc-e. 

Sjiace  lias  p(-rmill(!d  hut  the  im-rest  sketi-h  of  this  sulije<-t,  hut  llieie 
yet  remains  a  ipiestioii  which  soom-r  oi-  later  (-onfronts  the  invest i,L;ator 
of  cranial  deloi'initit-s,  and  this  is  thai  of  tln-ir  transmission.  I'reseiit 
opinion  almost  nnaiiiiiiousl\  cippuses  the  helief  that   tliesc  may,  in  any 


decree,  he 
he  iiiililitai 
iiial  rests, 
polotiical 
loiinded. 
possihility 
lln-  experii 
a  hi(>)o;;it'i 
in^;  variat 
tirst.  lieees 
ipiiieineiit 
|iie(-onci-p 
and  etpial 
the  limits 
Tliere  is 
modilieati* 
rest  on   pi 
the  Itody. 
called,  the 
that  if  stii 
sti  iielnn 
heiiteil,  a| 
nci'led  wit 
not  soeiii  t 
.\(-eoidi 
that  specii 
ties  of  tin 
sm-s  will  I 
ciiinponen 
perpetual 
the  cas(-, 
tend  loWii 
olo;;ical  h 
ever,    one 
stnictiiri- 
iif  its  ell- 
harmony 
fiinctioii, 
eieni'-nts 
ellj:,.  ndei 
To  opl 
do  not  hi 
found  |>a 
to  he  elVt 
inheritin 
involves 


AltTIFICIAI,    DIW'OKMAl'ION    or   (IIILDKKX. 


21!) 


'•'•I'lirciiH'iii 

"il<'lii|»l;it<'(l  hi 

"•■•ion,  iiiiil  .,i 

"     :i     NCilll'l,      I,,; 

'•il<'lllli.s(:ll|ir 
•'••lie  l()\\;i|,: 
•SS     Il;|\c    I,,.,. 

i;^r<'f  has  Im'I'Ii 
ioii  iif  ran.     . 
"■•■I'.v    Itlllx    ,v 
cuts. 

'■|>C(|  (llJll,  J, I, 
IllisillS    l(V    III! 

"iH.-vriciiv  II, 
iMlirs  will  in 

ti;ilcs  iiiiiy  i\n> 
•■^•'  Willi  (huvr 

'li'-iuisc  wild 

miM'ch'il    wiii, 
ill   nil   uii;.(M 
'•^  inlii|ptaii,,ii 

»«<'ll«i(\,   tinii, 

<;  Niiicf,  Willi 
iH'fiviililc  cii 

i'lii  <if  lii,..  s,, 
iiial  sclccliuM. 
t't'.S  nrci(||||M( 
itwv,  adapla 
Ixitiiiii  ol'  ()| 
'II   I'liiK'lioii  : 
''''<.'<lrin'tiiial 
^ii'i'ow  limits. 
-  Iiiit  roiiiii, 
'ii  wliirli  sys 
lilt'  •'\o|iiti()ii 
liiiM  in  ('\civ 
».V  wliicii  (Iji 
lllsol"  I  he  ill 
.V  arc  placrd, 


'I,    ImiI    IllCIT 

invest  i-atctr 
II.  I'mseiif 
iiiiiy,  ill  iiiiy 


irt'c,  he  ii('i|tctiiat»'tl  when  oraililicial 


M'  iiiai 


orij;iii ;   iicvfilliclcH.s  it  may 


iitaiiinl  with  reason  ijial  tlir  j^nMiinls  upon  wliirh  ii!i<|iialili*'ilil 


Mial  iv.stN,  aro  Ihcoretically  as  iintcnaltjc.  in  || 
|inlo;iical  .science,  as  those  upon  which  an 
liiiimjed.     I''ntnrc  results  in  this  direct 
possiltilit.v  of  connecting  lads  ol'  oiiservation  with   t 
ilic  cNpeiiincntal   pii\sioloj;-.v  of  the   nervous  .syst(  in. 
I  l)i(»lo;;ical  one,  ami  williont,  ad  veiling.''  to  what-  has  I 


I' 
H'  present  stale  ol'anthro- 

niM|iialilied  assent  ec  dd   Ik^ 

on  will  depend  lar.:ely  ii|   m  the 

hi/sc  rniiiishcd  l»y 

'I'lie  ipn'siion  is 

•cell  said  cinieein 


III-  variation,  it  may  lie  nr;ivd  that  in  thi> 


IS  in  ail  such  prolileiiis,  tlu^ 


Ills!    necessity  is  to  view   them   under  liioloHical  conditions.     'I'li 


s  re- 


{iiiiciiieni  has  not    in   this   install 


piecoiiceptioiis  seem  to  have  li 


ce   lieeii   complied  with,     'reieolouieal 
•  I   It 


iiid 


iiaih 


>o,  I 


(lie 


limn 


'•■'■II  I e  or  less  oli.-,|riietive  of  the  view, 

iieoirect  paialh  Is  hel  ween  alteiationsappareiitly  within 


sol'  lieallh,  ami  those  which  involve  iiiorUid 


coiiseoiieiices. 


'I'licre  is  iiodoiiht  that  iiiodilicat  iinis  of  develop t  involve  fiiiictioiial 


modilicatiiiiis,  and  thai  iiiipeivi'plihle    Icciilar  chafes  in   the  1 


)iain 


rest 


on   precisely  the  same  i)asis  as   peicepi  ihlc  ones  in  oilier  parts  of 

the  body.     The  iiicoiiceivaltilify  of  sponiaiiroiis  variati properly  so 

called,  the   heredity   of  fniiction 

that  if  striieinre  chaiiLred  Ity  lunctioii  i>  ir 

strnctiirc  which  have  pliysiolo-ieall.\  altered  I'linciinn   must  heal 


IS  well     IS  ol   siriictiirc,  the  certainty 
msinillcd,  aiiv  altcialioiis  of 


so    III 


liciilcd,  apiicar  to  sii;;^csl  an  e\plaiiathin  of  certain  pliciiumcna  con- 
nected with  this  siiitjcct,  which,  except  on  the  principle  of  desceiit,  do 
not  seem  to  lie  interpii'tahle  at  ail. 

.\ccordiii.i;  to  (lie  slalemeiils  <i|'  ,\|  r.  Spencer,  there  is  reason  lo  tliinli 
that,  special  strnctiiies  ol   all  vaiieiics  proceed   from   llie  special  poiaii- 

ti.s- 


le   or  coinliiiiatnin  ol 


ties  of  fhi'ir  or-ani*'  niiils.  and  that  any  tissi 
sues  will  impress  the  modilical  inns  il  may  have  experienced  upon  its 
eompoiieiit  (lemeiils,  bet  ween  which  and  the  a.i:;;re;;ate  life  implies 
perpetual  action  and  reaction.     If  this   process,  as   must   he  ^ciieialiy 


tl 


le  case 


ta 


vcs    place   iiiider   normal   conditions,  the   Ibices  m.inilcsted 


lend  towards  e()iiilibiiiim  willniiit  reacliiii.L:.  praetical!\ ,  an  ex.icl  piiysi- 
oloL;ical  balance.  l>iiiiiiL;  these  ailiiistmeiits  and  re  adinslmeiits,  how- 
ever, one  of  two  alternative  results  inevitably  occurs.  Ilithcr  the 
strnctiirc  will  take  the  shape  determined  by  the  prc-cxistiiiL;' tendencies 
nf  its  elements,  or   the  a.ii.<,'re.uate's  altereil  tbriii  will   mould  these   into 

fcclion  of 
■ilriieltiral 


iM'comes  one  oi 


assiimci 


liarimmy  Willi  itself.     The   (piestion    tliii- 

rniielioii,  because,  Ibr  every  reason,  it  mi 

elemeiils  oi;;aiiically  c,|iaii,i;-cd  will,  when  actiiij;- as  reproductive  eeiilers, 

ciij;'.  nder  sicilar  chaiif^es. 

To  o|)pose  to  the.se  Ntateiiients  the  common  assertion  that  mutilations 
do  not  become  ,'on;;('nital,  is  to  misconccix c  their  cliaracter.  and  to  <'on 

ormal  in  order 


le  11 


Ibiiiid  patholo;;ical  conditions  wit  h  tlmse  w  liicltmn.- 

lo  be  elfeetive.      It    may  readily  be  siispeclcd  l  hat    the  impossibility  of 


inhcritiiiii'  artilicial  alteratiinis  has  been  too  hastilv 


Slimed,  since  this 


involves  an  additional  assiimptioii,  which  has  not  been  demoustrateil, 


220 


RKroKT   <»F    NATKiNAI,    MlIsKtfM,   IHX?. 


viz,  tlmt  Mncli  cliaiijjrN  *lo  not.  lu'Cdiiu^  orjiiiiiic  l)«'(rimHO  tlioy  ii>i>.v  occiii 
^vitliotit  impliciitiiiu  liiiictinii.  Tlie  proloiiiMl  nltt-niliniis  cIViM'trd  1>\ 
iirtilicial  sclt'ctioii  iin>,  of  coiirsf,  iliif  to  I'lirirtioiiiil  im  tliticatioiis,  Ixit  ii 
li.is  not  IxM-n  .sliiiwn  that  tlics*' can  not  Ik>  ittilifiiilly  intliiccd,  «)r  tlial 
dt't'orniation  ninst  lie  iinivt'i'sally  morbid  cliiinic.tor  Ix'ciiUHi^  it  in  a 
(l('|iaitiiif  iioiM  siu'li  standards  olorpmic  tyjn'  iis  nt)\v  «'xist  in  iina^i 
nation. 

On  liU'  niniplntlojjical  side  tlio  (|m>Htioii  Hi'PinH  ('(|uall.v  inKuTfiiin. 
(iivt'n,  however,  any  nause  wiii<'li  rvill  «'tl'('(*tiially  modify  t'unrtion,  and 
inodilicatlon  ol'struotMn'  is  iiicvitahh'.  No  natnralist  sui>p(tsi"4  that  tin- 
di;:ital  \  ariations  it'coidcd  as  iniicritcd,  or  tints*'  of  tin'  tifctli,  siiin,  oir,. 
an-  attriliutaldti  to  any  otlior  vniisp  than  physioIoKi<"al  (diaii},'*';  ami  tin 
saniu  with  transmittc*!  <-lnl)  foot,  liarclip,  amaurosis,  d<>afnfss.  Knr- 
tlii'r,  adjnstmcids  i»y  involntion  talic  place  in  natnrc  as  veil  as  those 
liy  evolution,  and  althonj,'li  there  are  no  strnctures  whose  pi()p«'rtics  are 
not  originally  ascrihahle  to  predetermined  strniiliiral  traits,  there  are 
yet  strn<"tnres  which  iiave  no  discoverahie  physiolojiical  features;  and 
wlijle  iMorpliolojiical  species,  or  species  whose  speeitic  forms  have  no 
hidjojiical  vidne,  are  rocojinized  in  zoolo^jv,  and  wineh,  whether  pernia 
nently  or  not,  are,  withdrawn  from  the  action  of  natural  selection,  it  is 
ditliiidt  to  see  why  (he  produetion  of  variety  l>y  any  means  that  would 
ellcchially  chaiij;e  tnnction  should  Ite  disallowed. 

As  was  stated,  there  are  reasons  for  susi»ectin;(  that  some  auch  process 
has  occurred  amou};  mankind  to  a  limited  e\t(>nt  ;  but  whether  or  not, 
when  all  acces.^ilde  information  on  the  sid)ject  is  orj^ani/ed,  this  may 
not  prove  to  lie  a  niisconceittion  attributable  tt>  iusullicient  knowledp-, 
remains  to  be  deternnned. 

OENKRAI.  NOTES  ON   OKl'OUMAI  Ii  (N. 

Milltc-Uniii.  (,Gt'()j;iii|ihi('  I'liiM-rst'llc.  1'a\.  dl'  l,uv:ill(r.  I'aris,  l^TtS.  Ito,  t.  I.) 
(ii'iicriil  I'fiiiarkH  on  t\w  caiiHCH  niid  iiiocIch  of  iliNtortion  of  the  lusul  (p.  ',W,i). 

Iliiiiiliolilt  iV  15oti))liiiiil.  ( Voy  11  !,'(•,  t'ti\  Paris.  iSll.  Ilo,  .('  partic,  t.  1.  '' F.Hsai 
r(ililii|ni',  I'tc.)  IviiiMiUs  on  licatl-tlattcniu;;,  its  cliuiactiM'  and  cansc  anion;;  Indians 
oiNoilli  and  .>>oiitli  Aim  ri<:a.     (Note,  pp.  K»,  'MK) 

.Iriinvs  nniarUs  upon  tlii'  line  forms  of  the  Indians  of  Nortli  Ainrrira,  and  savs  tin- 
fact  is  attribntaldf  to  "  their  Ijodiptt  not  Ixdn)?  swatliod  luid  straitened  In  tlie  cradle  " 
(part  I,  p  0(1).  The  cradle-lioard  was  in  nse  arrion;,' all  the  trilirs  dcserilied  l(v  liini: 
lint  this  error  is  not  surprising  in  an  author  w  ho  characterizes  the  Kskiiiiaiix  as  "  tall 
iif  Ntutiire,"  and  speaks  nf  '•  their  tlaxeii  hair,  their  lieards,  the  whiteness  of  thiir  skin 
*  i|niti' as  fair  as  that  (d  Luropeann"  (part  1,  p.  i:!).  Certain  lilond  Iriliesdo 
occur  anions  the  Hyperborean  raees,  Imt  not  where  Jederys  places  tln-ni ;  altlion;,'h 
the  Eskinianx  are  nut  really  darkskinneil.  With  rejfard  to  tiie  line  foi  ins  so  conslantly 
noted  aiiion^'  tin  Aiiieri(  an  and  other  sava^^es,  most  writers  have  iisciihed  it  to  their 
modes  of  life:  llumlioldt  addiii]L;,  in  the  ciisi' of  tho  Americans,  a  certain  racial  ini- 
idasticity.  MosI  uf  the  earljcr  anthorities  liave  evidently  judged  an  aHsloned  etli- 
nolo^ical  fact  from  the  siaud-point  of  a  social  theory.  There  does  not  apjiear  to  lie 
any  natural  reason  why  a  sava^'c  should  he  helter  shaped  than  a  civilized  man,  and 
that  this  is  the  case  remains  to  he  shown.  There  is,  however,  an  excellent  reason 
why  those  who  are  physically  defective  should  he  elimiuatud  from  all  aggregates  in 


.late  of  sav 
;|,,wcrealiiri 
,i.poif  the  vi 
H^t  peoples  li 
nailre  a\ec 
'iiiian  and 
mrke,  W  S. 
MJre  Onniilli 
ija  Califoro 
lleiiiieitin, 
iM.iig  the  nor 
/lied  theehih 
.    v..  H."ili,  p 
ilenlly  meliti 
easoll    Wl 

iioken  only 
.  (  found  ill  HI 
1  i^oiial  olisei 
iiong  the  Ap 
Ki'   mentiioi 
liiUoductors . 
,..  :t.-.7). 

In  conMcclii 
'pain,     bond' 
i:..'>i.     Mko  til 
ciiiong  nation^ 
"known."      I' 
I  .  rin  Ian,  and 
Aeie  natural. 
S.piier  (Tlie 
the  etiect  that 
iiiiiahl,  "  lh«  < 
I'nder  tin-  1 
lullowing  :  "  I 
tains  penpU's 
.  iifaiis,  dcs  ijii 
Hire  de  la  tet 


r.ancrol't.  i 
MiUieii  earrio 
;lie  head  and 
.1  lieain  or  lioi 

(ioinara  (('< 
MaliouH  liy  an 
.mil,  Native 

lliinilioldl'! 
ii  iiiaiks  (Nat 
1 1(1(1  to  :i  con 
In  he  shown 
limires  uiioii 
which  the  in 

Sahagun, 
that   when  a 
{>lace<l  in  a 
Native  Kacci 


? 


.■^'-i** 


AUTItMClAL    KKI OKMATION    OK    CIIII.KKKN. 


221 


i\V  nm.v  (Weill 
*  crti'ctrU  In 
iltioiis,  hilt  II 
iii'i'd,  or  tliai 
'caiiHo  it  is  ji 
:iHt  ill  iiiiit);! 

I.v  iiiMUTfaiii. 
'iiiictioii,  mill 

'(».Sl"<  tllilf  tilt 

ii,  skin,  etc. 
IK*';  :iinl  III) 
I'lU'.ss.  Km 
<  ell  as  those 
loperties  are 
its,  there  are 
'atiires;  and 
ins  have  no 
■tlier  periiia- 
'lection,  it  is 
s  tiiat  woiilti 

!^neli  process 

I'tlu-r  or  not, 

■tl,  this  iiiav 

Unowled^e, 


'•"•«.     It.',  t.  1.) 
;ie;j). 

,  t.  I.    "  KHSiii 
lliiiMi;;  IliiliiiliM 

1,  11  ml  saws  till' 
in  til.'  cniilli-  " 
ilii'd  liy  liiiii : 
iiaiix  lis  "  lull 

M  of  tllrir. skill 

loud  Ii'IIk  silii 
'in;  nltliiiii^h 
MoroiiHtaiitly 
«'<1  it  to  tlicir 
tin  racial  iin- 
assniiMil  t'th- 
apiii'.ir  to  III' 
/.*h1  Mian,  anil 
celliint  rcaMiii 
aggregates  in 


I  -.iikti'  (if  Huviigcr.v,  IhiiIi  I>,v  iIii'  arlioii  of  naliiral  m-li'clion  iiinl   l<.v  Unit  of  their 

IJiiw-t'i'ealiiriH.     A  very  liun«  ImkIv  of  |iriior  emilil   lie   reiiilil>  liroiight    I'lirward  to 

,i>|iiirt  llie  view  that  Wrungi'll's  stuleiiii'iit  ronei'ming  tin'  I'liiiUrliri"*  iielil  triiiMif 

..«!  |ieo|)|i's  ill  iiMJiiiilarst  eial  pliitHo,  vi/  ;  '■  I, a  inort  ulteiiil  reiilaiit  i|iii  ;i  |r  nr.ilieiir 

nallrii  uvec<piel(iu«MlllVoriiiile."    l,e  Nonl  iln  In  Hili<<ri<>.     I'liria,  l"!:!,  vol.  i,|i. ',»i»*. 

'  I'liinin  unit    Itiisli  iiiitili>  like  idiservatiiiiis  in  the  same  region,  iiml  (.'a|it.  .loliii  (i. 

>iirke,  I'.  S,  Army,  liim  |ioliiteii  out   Ihit  in   tln^  soiitli  tliii  eiisloni  is  inentioneil  liy 

I  iilro  tlnmilla  ("OnnoMi."     Matliiil,  17  II,  \t.  :ill),  ami  Irt  Clavigero  ( llistoria  ilo  In 

Ilia  (.'iiliftinii;i.    Mesi.o,  IH.V,',  |i,  "J*).    I  tl'i  not-  lerull  any  refei-eni:i'  of  the  Haiiie  kind 

I   lleiiiie|dii,  Le  Clere,  Cliiirlovoix,  ote.;  lint  thongli  ihii  eiistnin  iiiiiy  hiivii  exiitted 

uioiig  the  iiorlhern  trilieM,  desjiite  Itoliert Mill's  assertion  that  all  llm  .\nierii'aii  Imliaim 

illed  the  ehililreil  who  "a|i|ieaird  feelile  or  del'rrlive  '  (IlisI,  I>i>.  A  Set.  of  Ainerieil. 

\.  v.,  is'ii'i,  |>.  I  tt),  there  Ih  no  doiiiil  that  in  llie  literainre  of  travel  it  iit  ninro  fre- 

•  iiieiill.v  mentioned  iiH  oeenrriii'.;  among  the  southern  trihes;  and  iIiIm  may  hitvu  hueii 

■  no  retttioii  why  tho  earlier  tliseoverors,  I'oinmlins,  VeHpucei,  Veria/zano,  tVe.,  havo 

iMiKi'ii   only  of  ihe   /iue  apjiearanee  of  the   unlives.      The  same  loiitrasts,  however, 

I  I'  found  ill  Hiivage  life  in  tliii<  ait  in  other  res|ieets.     ('aptaiii   lloiuke  I'linliriiiH  fruni 

pi  rminiil  oliservatioii  tho  siali  'iieiit  make  in  Kmory's  '■  Ijeeonnoi.ssitnee "  (p.  lit),  tluit 

Miiing  the  ApaelK'H  the  deformed  aro  miiiietinios  well  eared  for.     lie  also  refers  to  it 

Ke  mention   in    KiMiieiH   1  .irkiimii   (The  .lesnilN  in  North  Ameriea.     lloston,  1*'li7, 

liiliodnetory,  XI.),  and  also  to  Peter  Martyr's  nanative  (llaklnvl.  Voyages,  vol.  .'>, 

Ill  eonneetidti  <.  ith  heud-llittteiiiiig  in  Aiiieriea,  llnmliohlt  (Political  Ksnay  on  New 
>pain,  I,ondon,  )S14,  -vo,  vol.  i)  asserts  that  the  liaek-lnad  is  naturally  flat  (p. 
IVi).  Also  that  the  Aniericim  eraninin  is  normally  "depressed  liackwards  •  *  " 
iiiioiig  nations  to  wlioin   the  means  uf  arliliciallv  proilniiiig  ileforniily  are     •     "     * 

■■l.iiown."     'file  ,\/.lecs  '•  never  disli^iire  the  heads  of  their  eliildren."     The  Mexican, 

l',iii\iaii d   Alnrcan  liemlH— all  tlatleiied;  those  Ponpland  mid  himself  piociired 

Ai  II'  nalnial.     "Certain  hordes  do  cumpre^s  the  heads  of  children"  (pp.  I'll,  l.'i.'i). 

Sijiiier  (The  StalcH  of  Central  Aiiierira.  N.  V.,  Is.'iH.  Svo)  i|iiotcs  Valcn/nehi  to 
tiie  elieet  that  among  the  Indians  found  1)\  the  .Spanish  al  Lacaiiilon  (Dolmes),  (iiia- 
iiiiiala,  '■  Ihe  cradles  lor  their  children  were  made  of  iceds"  (p.  .M'l"}. 

I'lider  tlie  heading  Tf'le,  Kneyclopedie  den  t^ciences,  etc.,  Nciifclnitel,  l<li,'>,  is  the 
l.illiiwiiig  :  "II  est  ]im\6  da'is  les  voyages  et  dans  les  geographies  nioderncH,  de  cer- 
l.iiiis  iienples  i|ni  .se  reiidcnl  la  tcte  plat  une  l.'i  main,  el  i|iii  meltiiit  la  ti^le  de  learn 
I  nfaiis,  des  <|n'ils  sont  nes,  entr«  d'lix  prisscs,  on  planches,  sin  le  front  it  le  der- 
I II  re  de  la  t<^te  pour  ('.ippliitir." 

NOTKS  (IN    A.MK.UK  A. 

liaiicrot't.  (Native  Races  .if  the  I'acitic  .States,  N.  Y.,  l-TI!,  vol.  1.^  Chicliinii'c 
M'liiiii  carried  their  infants  on  the  hack,  "wrapped  in  a  coarse  lottmi  doth.  Iiaviiig 
I  lie  head  and  arms  free"  (p.  *'>X\).  The  cradle  wa.s  a  wicker  liasket  Biispciided  from 
I  lieam  or  lioiigh  (p.  ti:):!). 

(iomara  (Con.  M.'x.,l'ol.  ill-')  states  thai  the  occiput  was  ll.itlciied  among  the  Nahua 
nations  hy  an  arraiigemeiil  of  the  cradle,  this  form  lieiiig  consideieil  l.cciiiiiiii;;.  (Han- 
croft,  Native  Kaces,  etc.,  vol.  ii,  p.  -Jsl.) 

llnmlMildt's  Htat.'inent  that  the  Aztecs  did  not  distort  the  head  was,  as  lianeioft 
1. marks  (Native  Races,  vol.  n,  p. '^D,  too  sweeping.  That  the  eiislom  "waspiae- 
liccd  toaconsideralile  extent  in  rcninle  t  imes  liy  people  inhaliiting  thecoiiiiliy  sceiiis 
III  he  Hhown  liy  the  deformed  skulls  found  in  their  graves,  ami  liy  the  scuiplnivil 
lignreH  upon  tho  rniiis."  Klemin  Htates  that  "  the  cradle  consisted  of  a  hard  hoard  to 
whicli  Ihe  infant  was  hoiiiid  in  such  a  manner  as  to  cause  the  malformation." 

Sahagun,  Toriiuemada,  Clavigero,  Ilrasseur  de  Itoiirhoiirg,  Carliazal  Espinosa  bay 
liiat  when  a  Tcochichiince  child  was  horn  on  a.joinney  "the  new-horn  liahc  was 
placed  in  a  wicker  liasket  and  thrown  over  the  hack  of  the  mother."  (liaucrott, 
Native  Races  of  the  PaciUc  States.     N.  Y.,  l^T.'i,  vol.  II,  p.  -'"1,  note.) 


^ 


r. 


^-.-»m^?*;^?»% 


')•)•) 


Ki:rni;i'  of  national-  mi'.ski'.m,  imst. 


I 


ll 


••  1  iiniMciii  hI:i  i  l!c"'K  MW  >  li.  -M)  >l.•^ll•^  lli;il  llir  Imliaiis,"  in  .Mi'xiin,  "used  to  di'- 
rmiii  llu'ii  lii;;N  \\\\\\  w  \ii'\\  In  ii|i|n';ir  iiKMi'  I'liiiiiiduhlc."  (S|iciici'i-,  l)es.  Sot'.  An 
Litui  MiN.iaii-,  (.'cnlral  Ainc  rican.s,  iic,  p.'-JT,) 

l.aml.i  (>'  \\ '.     '•'I'lic  Indians  of  ^lu■Mlan  arr,      *     *     "     as  a  rnic,     -•      ♦     »     i„,\\. 
1(mm.im1,  I'm  111  llair  inraucy  llii'ir  innl  hcr.s  carrv  llu'ni  alidnl  Misjirnili'd  at  I  lnii  lianmli 
liiiins.      I'lu  \  \M  IT  inailr  •  M|ninli-y('d,''' and  llu'ir  licad.s  vmic  lial  li'inil  ai  lili('iall\ 
(Siunrci.  111--.  Siir.  Ainicnl  Mcxifails,  Cclilral  Ainciiians.  dr.,  |i.  "JT.) 

l..iiiila  (  '  \  w  1  lU'x  riln's  till'  |iiiicc>s:    •'  I'.mr  nr  ti\  ••  ila>s  nlirr  Kirlli  I  lif  cliild  \va- 
|,iil  111'    1  sniail  i»(l  made  (if  rods,  and  llic'.T,  tlir  fiui'  lniiiL;'  iindcnii  at  li,  llu'  lii'ad  w.i- 
|,iii    ImIwiiii   iwo  hoards,   in    front    and   ln'hind.      ISrlwri'ii    IIu'm-   tlnv coniinTSMil    i! 
■      until  I  Im    111  ad  was  llatlcnrd  aiul  .sliapi'd  liki'  tlicir  own."     (  himi.  |i.  -j;. ) 

r.i.iiicioii.  ^^all\l•  K'lucs  id'  tin'  I'aci  lii- States.  N.  Y.,  1-T:!,  vid.  I  >  Tlii'  (,>iiii-lir 
wuiii.ui  .Criiiral  .\niciira )  carries  \uv  lialiv  on  lirr  liarU  "in  a  clotli  passed  aronnd 
liii-  l.od>  "  (p.  7iin. 

Haniioj'i.     (  N.iiiM-  i;aer>  id' tlie  Taeilie  States.    N.  V.,  I -T."«,  \  ol.  ll, -\  o  ^     'I'lie  \iea 
i.ii;n.i   and    VinaJan   iiit'anis'   Inads   wiic  conipresseil   and   j'.iTinanent  l>    llattencd   lie- 
Iwci  n  1  uo  l.naiils  as  a   si'^n  of  ncdde   liirtii,     Sipiiei-  assei  Is   that  oeeipilal  liatleniim 
« a--  ettei'ird    liy   tlie    eradli-lioaid    anion;^    llie  l,>ni(lies,   ( 'akilni|ni'ls,   and    /ntn;;il- 
,  |ip,  T.'.l.  7:i','  .     l>iin   llmatio  (in/anan,  minister  from  NiearMuna.  iiitoniis  me  tliat  iio 

eompie^^i 'f  tke  head  ami  no  swathing nf  the  infant  is  now  inaetieed  in  any  pan 

of  I  liat   iiMlliil  \  . 

Ilaih  ii'I't.  (Native  li'aees  of  llir  I'aeiti'-  states.  N,  v.,  l-Til.  \ol.  1.1  'I'hi-  Smoo-. 
Indians  of  the  Nhisipiilo  (lioup  Ihitirn  the  torehead  hy  a  pi-occ-.-,  lihe  that  in  w-^ 
ainoiii;  the  ('nlnnihians  ( i>.  ',  17  i. 

I'nenti  s.  I  I'alaiio.  p.  imi.  '  In  (Inatemala  eliihlieii  were  fa«leiiril  "loalioanl  l>> 
ine.ins  ol'  si  laps  w  iiiiiid  ronnd  the  luidy  '  "  "  fioin  lliefirt  tollie  shonldeis,  in 
iiiii>i  .|iienie  III'  \\  hieli  all  the  Indians  ha\  e  I  he  haeks  nf  I  heir  heads  smooth  and  llat." 

(S|ienril.    lies.   Sor.    Am  lellt    Me\iian>,    t'enllal    .\niel  iealls.   ele.,    p.    •.'-.) 

.lel'lei  ■!  -    r.     I  N.ii.  and  <'i\  illlisi.  of  I'remdi  i  loin  in  ions  in  .North  and  .South  Amerii'a 
l.iiniinii.  ITi^ii,  fol.  1     .\iiioii'.i  I  he  ahoii^iiiis  of  llis|ianio|M  '•  |iii>  sin  pillar  eonfm  niatiiMi 
iiflheliead      '      *      "      is  iiiii  led  h>  ai  I  "      Mo:  In  i -.  pii>,eil  I  heir  infant's  sUnll,  eil  liei 
li\   liand  or  v,  ilh  hoaids.  until    it  u  as  di^toi  li  d,    "and   in   a    manner  lient    haek    upon 
II  -lit  "  (  Pari  II.  p.  >  '. 

Os  irilo.  I  1  li>loiia  ( ieiiei  al  y  Natural  de  I  ml  i  as,  liook  11,  idiap.  .'i  i  I  lis  statement 
ill'  111  ad-llalleiiin;;  is  ratlier  \  aune.  "  Ton  pie  a  I  liempo  ipie  naeeii  los  iiinos  lis  aprie 
Ian  la-  eahe/as."  ele.  The  \(  id  ill  of  I  he  I'll  11 1 1  head.  «  hieii  In-  remarks  ns  the  lesiil  I  ol' 
art  ilieial  interfirenee,  iioinis  lo  i  he  same  fnriii,  and  like  applianees,  notieed  hy  i'orto- 
Si  liiilo,  and  oilier-,  in  I'.ra.'il.  i /i/i  m,  honk  t'.',  eliap.  :'.. )  (iomara  isiited  as  ;;iviiii; 
llie  ,-anie  e\  iilenee  eolniinilm  tile  nali\esof  Sail  !  >oiiiile,;ii.  lie  says  they  llatleliei! 
the  head  w  itii  1  "I  toll  eolnplesses  foi-  llie  purpose  of  enlaiuin.u  thefaee.  ••.\priel,ui 
;i  los  111  fnis  la  eahe/a  iiiii\  hlaiido.  pero  minko  I'nlre  dos  allnohadillas  de  aluoiloii,  para 
eiisaiieli.irles  la  i  ara.    <  le. 

The  In  seems  lo  lia\  e  In  en  some  eonl'i.  ion  ill  I  ■  on  I  a  la's  mind  nn  this  snlijeet  —  liei  mil 
I  lia/.  sa\  s  I  hell'  «  a-  nil  all  -nhjiets.  .\  I  all  e\eiils  he  l;i\  es  allot  her  aeeniinl  nt'  I  In 
maiiiii'i'  in  w  hii  h  I  lir  infant 's  In  ,id  was  disinrii  d.  w  liieh  amniints  to  I  In-,:  thai  it  was 
done  liy  I  lie  midu  lie  al  llie  niniiient  of  hill  h.  or  short  l,\  at'ler.  In  I  his  ease,  a  very 
eomnioii  one  ammii;  dith'teiil  rihes,  the  j'.aet  apparenily  iiidieales  m'.'idiial  e\linelinn 
of  the  1  lis!  1  nil,  si  nee  I  he  e  Dee  I  i.  '  simple  Ilia  II  ipii  hit  ion  would  he  lein|iorai  y,  ami  w  lll're 
dislorl  ion  implies  as  miieli  as  it  sonntimes  does,  its  ahsein  e  exposes  I  he  iiidividiial  to 
the  greatest  iiiisfnrlniies. 

Tnpiiiard.     ( l^liiiunts  d'.Vni  hi  ipolonie  <Jeni''rale.     Paris,  1 — ^.'i.     -vo.)     IfeinarkN  of 
forms  of  distorlinn  h_\  manipnlat,  m  alone  thai  they  innsi  he  impeiinaiieiit — "iiii'a|ia- 
hlesde  prod n ire  iine  diM'i  nnation  Minteniie"  i  p.  7,'ii!i.     Trot',  William  II.  l''lo\\  ei'  hidds 
the  same  \ie\is,  ami,  iiulei  d,  the   lael    is  physioloeie.illy  self-evident    unless  the  ma 
liipnlation  wen-  ol  an  iiiipreiedenled  kin  '. 


l.as  Casas  (A) 
I,, ail   distortion 

Privilfjiio  ^'lai 
-,  i.ieeer"  (ji.  n'.Hi 

Major,  i;.  II. 

.  'iiioii,  Ilaklny 
I  s,  of  llie  lial 
It  li  lei;  I  wo  \y. 
'iiiid  the  ankh 
niA  e-lllellt  iollel 

rii'in  "  (  p.  '•ill'. 

l)i.  Cliaiica  SI 

I'l  rominji — "ipi 
|)e    Koiliel'oit 

','.1.  )      N'oliee  of 

lliimholdl  an 
I,,  lalion  Ilistor 

sipiier.  1'..  <i. 
niionii  ahorij^il 
liax    Ihdiaililla 

llelint.i;.  (' 
',  l\  e   I  heir    fnrel 

■  Ins  shape  li\   p 
nM'd  lo  ri  mail 

lli'llot,(l.  (' 
I  I  lit  loll  soek  w 
piiies  llioie  ihi 

.Vriiias,  .liiaii 
iielore  the  Anili 
.  al  deform, itiol 

Oraells,  \  ila 
\  as  lo  llie  elfei 
1  iild    not    he 
I  he  leM   is.   ••  I 
.ion  is  not  iiiii 

■  le,"      These  s 
1  hat  I  hey  ean 

.  ailse  there  we 

I  le  Armas  i  I 

-eneial  in  .\ni 

w  oiild  liavi)  hi 

•  liies.  u  ele  nie 
\ented   I  111  111    I 

111/   SM/.  I.        II 

i  liiivpiiloj;y,  h 
\\\)l  raei>  I'oiili 
1  hanieal  defm 
-mi's  slateniel 
In  eoneliisioii 
nil  wliieh  to  r 

•  if  Aiiii'riea  in 
I  hanieal  iiieai 
llie  ( 'arihs  ol 

-peak  of  I  he  e 

.illriliiitcd  lu 


/ 


/ 


'-'^ 


AIMIKICIAI.    ItK.rORMATlo.N    (>F    CHILI  »1{KN. 


223 


'.  "used  III  ,|, 
i>lS.   Sor'.  All 

*      Imiw 
I  lii'lr  liMiiiii'li 
I'll   arlilii'l:il!,\ 

1 1 lull!  H^i 

I  III'   JHMll    w  ,,. 
1  li|M|irf.SM-(l     li 

<li  III.  \>.  "JT.) 

Tllr    <,>llii-li, 

|pa~>i'il  Mrdiimi 

^    'I'lic  N'ici- 

iImIIi'Iii'iI   ].,■■ 

il.il  llallciiiim 

ami    /iilii;,'!!-- 

riis  nil'  I  hal  111' 

■I'll  III  an>   pail 

)      Till'    Slnnli, 

ki'    liial    III    iim 

'  ti>  a  liiiai i|  li\ 
1'  sliiiiildci'.s,  ill 
lootli  anil  Ihii." 

) 

Soiilli  Aiiii'i  icii 
ir  cuiilni  iiialiiH 
h'^  >kiill.  I'lilin 
I'lil    liack   iipiiii 

ili-^  >tali'liiriit 
iiii'iips  Irs  aprii' 
•  as  ilii.  I'i'Mill  111' 
iticcil  liy  I'oi'lii- 
I'iti'd  as  >;jvilit; 
i  tlii'N  llatlflii'i' 
I'l'-  ■■  A|irii'laii 
'  alucidnii,  pala 

iti'.iJfi't^Ki'iMal 
ai'i'uiiiil  (if  I  III 
lis:  I  lial  i(  was 
lin  I'asi',  a  vi'r\ 
liial  cxtiiii'lioii 
ai.\ ,  and  u  lien 
<>  iiidi\  jdiial  Ik 

. )  It'i'iiiark.s  III 
M'lit  —  "iiiraiia- 
I.  I'liiWi'i'  liiilds 
iiiili'ss  I  111'  ma 


Las  Casas  ( A|»d..oi.i  ira  Ilislni'ia.  Madiid,  I-::.,  ihap.  :;|)  ri'iiiarUs  llial  in  I'mi 
1 1   distiirlioii    was  dislinclivr  nl'    ilir    Inca   tainil\    and  dC   llic    lili;lii'si    nnl.ilitv. 

l'i'ivili';;io  liiandf  ('iinci'diaii  lo.s  did  Pi'ii'i  a  al^iiiiii.s  scnoi'i's  \  qni' I'lh.s  ipicrfaii  la- 
,1'H'rcl'"  (p.  :>t(ti,  riilr  MaE'rol,  imlrs). 

Major,  I.'.  II.  (Htdi'ct  LfltfrsiifCIiristiipliii' Culniiilni.s,  rtc.  Lmidon,  jsro.  SitoihI 
•  ilioii.  Ilakliiyt  So.  I'lili. )  Dr.  Cliaiica.  IN  I'l  siiioiiiii  nn  Cidiiinlins's  sfiniid  voya;;i', 
~i\s,  (if  (111'  iialivc  and  Cai'ili  wiiniiii   In   llirVVcst    Indiis.  llnil    llir   lalUT  wori'  "nn 

'  irli   li-^r  two  liands  of   woviMi   I'oltnn,    tli '   fa-'iiicd   iniind   Ihr   kwir.   Ilii'  olliri' 

:  'iiiid  llir  ankli';  li>'  lliis  nii'aiis  llicy  niakr  iIh-  rah  r-.  nl'  1  lirir  Iri^s  lar'^c,  aiiil  llir 
(iMiM-ini'lilioni'd  |iai'ls  vny  small.  "  "  *  l!\  this  pi'mliai  il>  ui'  ilisliimnislicd 
llii'iii  "  (  p.  '.l(h. 

I>i.  Clianca  .supposed  IIiIh  cnsloiii  in  d<')irni|  upon  an  idra  llial  I  lie  disim  i  ion  was 
'  ^  I  niniriL;-  -"(pii'  rslo  ini'  pai'ci-i'  i|ni'  I  ii'iim  i  lln>  imr  msa  t.;riii  il"  i  p.  ;i'i  -. 

Ill-  U'o.liil'oil,  ('.  (lli^lidir  .Naliii'i'lli'.  .'ic,  di's  Ill's  AnliUcs.  L'nlii-idain.  Ili.'iS. 
li.i.  ^      Noli  IT  id'  lii'ad  and  iiosi'  llattriiini;  atnoiii;  I  In-  ( 'aiilis  i  p.  ;',«•.'!. 

lliimlioldl  and  lloiijiland.  i  N'oyaui',  I'lr.  I'aii--,  l~l',l.  Ilo.  sitoiiiIi'  pailir,  p.  ||. 
I, 'rial  ion  llisiiiiii|iii',  I      I  lisloi'timis  piarlirnl  li\  i  hr  ( 'aiilis  nn  ihr  Oi'iimi'u  i  p.  ■,':!,")). 

Mliiii'i,  I'.,  (i.  ^Nicaiau'iia.  I'll'.  Nrw  Ymk,  l-,V,'.  -\n,  \'ol.  ii,  t  llrad-llalli'iiiti-; 
iiiioiij:  alMiii^Miii's.  I'l'iH'i'ss  and  loral  oi'ii;in  nl'  rnslnin  -p.  :',|,'ii.  I  l,lr  li'rlarion  of 
I  i.'iv    liiiliadilla  on  Ilir  s.'iinr  points,      i  Arrliivn  ilr  liidi,i.>.  ■  ,' 

llrriol,(i.      (Travids  'riiroiirli  111,'   ( 'anaiLis,      l.nndnn.    l-ii7.      lin.i      "  llir  I 'ii  ailis 
'' IM'  t  lii'ii'   I'oirlii'ads  llal  li'lii'd.      '      "      '      'I'lir  lirad  nl    l  lir   inl'anl    i>  rnnipir-.vrd    iilln 
:!;isshapr    li\    plarlliL;  on    ilslirnw   a  picir  nl'  Ima  i  d  1  h  d  w  i  I  li  a  liandaur.  u  li  irii  is  al- 
i\\r{\  III  iriiiain  mil  11  tlir  lioins  lia\  r  .n  i|niird  i'nii--i--li'iirr  "    p,  :;|-  I. 

llrriol,(i.  I'l'iavi'ls 'riirniiL^li  llir  ( 'anad.'is.  I  .nndnii,  I -I'T  lln.i  ( 'arili  Liii'N  liavo 
I  rnllon  sock  wovi-n  Id  till'  li'i;,  .'iiid  "so  ilii-i'|\  ■  ■  •  ihal  lIu-  rail'  llirl'rli>  ar- 
liiiirs  moll'  iliirkiii  ss  and  .snlii|il\   iliaii  il   wmild  natniallv   pnssrss  '  i  p.  :|IIT  ). 

.Vi'inas,  ,lnaii  I.  dr.     ( l,rs  ( 'i  .'incs  ilils  1  Irlm  iiirs.     I  la  \  ana.  I'-.'i.  >     Ilii-.  is  a  p.'ipi'i'  rrad 
'm'Ioi'i'  t  III'  .\iillii'opiilo^iral  Sorii'l  \  ol'  ll,i\  ana.  \n\  i'iiiIh  1.  I --..,  'n  pii.M   i  li.'ii  mrrliaid- 
al  drronnal  inn  id' t  he  Iliad  w  a.s  iic\  rr  pr.irl  irnl  in  i  lir  \\  r-i   Iniilr-,  nr  nil  1  hr  rnlil  ilirll,. 

(iiai'Us,  \'ilanova  and  ,\rras.  (  Kappni  l  pii'M-nlr  a  Madrid,  Ir  •.'!  .Mai  ■-.  I -7  I .  >  Tliis 
Aas  111  llir  rllri'l  lhal  rri  I  am  n  ania  Ii'imii  Ciilia.  lakni  In  In-  llaMrind  I 'ailli  skulls, 
'niild  not  III'  idi'iitilii'd  a.s  alt  iliriallv  ilrriiinird,  Inil  wrir  pinli.ilds  natiiial  Inads. 
rill' tt>.\l  is,  "  lias  In^  not  iri'il  that  In  llir  lioiii  and  ii.'irk  p.irl  nt'llirlirad  l  lir  drprr^- 
•inn  is  not  iinil'ni'ai.  l  lir  nun  mission  is  iiirlinnl  in  i  nnsidn  I  lii>  llal  Iriiiiii;  .is  nal  iiral. 
•'Ir."  'I'lii'sr  skulls  ~ri'in  In  lia  \  r  lii'iii  rniiiid  li\  linn  li.  I'l'I'liT.  w  Ilo  s  ri'\  I  in  I  \  --a  \  s 
liat  I  liry  can  mil  lir  rrL;,i  i  did  a-  sprilinrns  nl'  lirad  llal  Iriniin  ainniiLr  llir  t  '.'l  I'd  is,  lir- 
'  aiisi'  lliri'i'  wrlc  lii'Vrl'  any  ( 'aiilis  in  Ciilia.      (Dc  .\!'mas.  ( 'laiirs  ilits  I  ir  I'm  in  is,  p,  < . ) 

I »!'  .\rinas  ( I  .cs  ('rAncs  diis  I  ii'l'iirini's)  sa>'s  iliat  no  such  prari  iir  miilil  lia\r  lirm 
^riirial  in  .Viiiri  ira  I'm  \  ai  inns  irasmis.  \  i/  il  was  dilliriill.  In  I  inns,  and  pa  in  In  I.  and 
n  mild  li.iM.  Iiriii  ilr^iiiiriiM'  In  I  hr  inl,  ilrcl  I  .' '  ;  alsniliai  ihr  Indians.  I  ll.lll^h  s,'i\ - 
1^1'^.  w  rir  iiirii  Willi  llal  llial  tri'linrs  Inward  I  111' i  I'  oDspi  iiil:  which  wniild  liavr  pir 
\  I'lilrd  I  lii'iii  I'll  nil  pci'pct  rat  ili<;  .1  cnstoni  so  dcsl  i  iirl  i\  r  as  ilislml  inn  ot°  llir  I  nail  i  p. 
IIW'SM/.).     lla\  Iiil:  rivi'ii   I  Ids  illiisirat  inn  of  his  know  Ird^c  ol  I  hr  lilrraliirc  of  iiii- 

I  lllnpnlni;\  .  Ilr  llrr  la  Irs  I  ha  I  lll'il  llrl  alnillli;  I  hr  I'l'l'm  lail  llllllllln  irs  llnl  in  I  111-  r\isl- 
iiii;  lai'ti  could  \nii  'i'rliildi  and  l>i\i'l'n  ilisrnsn  a  jn^t  iliral  imi  ni'  llir  llinU'v  nl'  iiir- 
rlianical  dcfminal  inn.  .\  fail .  and  ii  sinnnlai  mir.  Inil  nn  nimr  ilrri>i\  r  l  liaii  Kniiril  - 
^niTs  Htali'iiiciit  tli;il  till'  inniind  skulls  of  .Vmili  Aiiiciica  air  all  nnnnal  pp.  I-I,  l."i). 
Ill  ronrliision  111'  finiaiks  tliaf  "tlinc  is  no  li.isis,  sciciitilic,  liisioiicil.  or  rational, 
"11  wliicll  111  I'i'sl  llir  alliiiiialinn  that  tlinr  wrlr  "  '  ■*  ,'llld  ale  "  '  *  parts 
"f  .\nici'ica  in  wliicli  tin-  natnial  fniinil.mi  of  ilir  hrad  was  (or  is)  mndilii'd  liy  iiic- 
I  Inuiiciil  means."  And  inorc  pai'tii'iilail>  is  tins  a  sillcxiili-nl  triilli  w  itli  icnard  to 
llii'  Carilis  of  till'  Li's.siT  ;VnlilIi's:  lirsl,  iM'caiisc  imnc  of  the  cailic-l  rliiniiirlcis 
-peak  of  till'  en  slum  ;  ainl  second,  I  in  .'i  use  I  lie  rrani.i  nl'  I  lii^  prnplr  Ii.im'  iint  llir  form 
'itti'ilinteil  to  t  lii'in.     Of  roiiiso  it  was  not   possildr   for  dr  Armas  in  drii\  the  iiiisym- 


««dM)^^i^ibiiiiiMi"  .;< 


224 


REPORT    OK    NATIONAL    MUSEUM,  1887. 


i 


int'triciil  iMHitoiir  of  certain  skulls,  Init  lie  iissi  rlcd  thai  this  was  natural,  and  if  II'. 
statement  conhl  be  relied  on,  none  could  he  made  of  more  importance.  The  weitjhl  oi 
ividiMice  is.  ho\vc\er,  oveiwhelminj^ly  ajjuinst  him. 

De  Aiiuas  also  as.seils  that  0\  i<ilo  was  the  oiifiinator  of  the  idea  that  disloriion  m 
the  craninm  w.is  cnstomai'.v  amoiij;  the  Indians  of  San  l)omin|»o.  etc.,  lint  (Jomaiii 
Las  Ca.su8.  DeLcon,  and  (Jarcilasso  de  la  Vejja  inakeliko  statemonts,  .iiid  lliti  eviderici 
iiH'Indes  West  Imlian,  I'ernvian,  Floridian  trilics. 

Walker  I  (  olomhia.     London,  l~','v!.     ■'^vo)  unote^  Ilninholdl  to  the  ellect  that  amonj 
the  C'arihs  of  PaiiapaMa  "  the  women     '     *     '     I'arried  their  infants  on  their  hacks.' 
They  also,  for  the  sake  of  adorn  men  t,  compress  the  thifihs  and  le^s  liy  "  broad  strips 
of  cotton  cloth,  liy  which  "  tin' llesh     '     *     '     was  swelled  in  the  interstices.     '     * 
They  attach  j;reat  im|iorlaiice  to  certain  loinis  of  the  body.    (Vol.  I,  p.  MS.) 

Ileriot.  (i.  (Travels  thron^ih  the  Canailas.  London,  l.-^l)T,  tto.)  "The  natives  ol 
Sonth  America  ffi'Merally  make  use  of  hamniocks  of  cotton  or  of  the  interior  bark  ol 
trees.  "  *  '  This  they  snspend  in  their  cabins  and  sometinie.s  on  the  houghs  of 
trees"  t\>.  'JHTU 

SeiMM'  .Mutis  I)nian,  of  the  Colombian  Icfiation  at  Washin;j;ton.  states  that  no  tribi 
of  Indians  known  lo  him  in  New  tiranada  or  Colombia  distortu  the  head,  bnl  that  era 
nial  compression  in.ay  be  ))racticed  by  otlu'r  tribes  of  this  area  which  he  had  nof  ob 
serveil.     Handa^iinji  infants  with  the  idea  of  preservinj;  the  .synimetr.N  of  their  rornL.>. 
is  Lieneial  animi;?  all  classes.     The  cradles  used  by  the  wealthy  are  imported  or  made 
after  Lnroiiean   models.     .Vnnin;;  the  ])ooi'er  classes  there  are   two   foinis  of  ci'adle 
in   n.se — one  a  boat-shaped  case  of  lii^ht  wood  or  bamboo,  which   will  rock  on  an\ 
plane  surface,  and  another  const rncted  of  similar  nnilerials  and  of  like  form,  which  i> 
suspended  from  the  end  of  a  crooked  rod  ami  swunj;  in  the  air. 

Ililhouse,  William.  ( Warow  Land  of  liiitish  (iuian.-i.  ,Iour.  Koy.  tieo.  .Soc.  Lou 
doll,  l-:!l.  \'ol.  IV.  I  I  >r.  Hancock  remarks  I  uote,  pp.  :i;t.,  Ii:!H,  ini  Ililhousi''s  accinini 
of  the  Indians  seen  here)  that  "  these  tribes  have  also,'"  i.  i .,  like  the  coast  tribes  ol 
the  .Maianon,  "  ihe  sjncad  in  thi'  I'ooi.  or  iluck's  foot.  •  »  •  Their  feet  and  toe- 
•■ire  spread  out  in  Ihe  nianiicr  most  suilable  fur  walUini;  on  the  muddy  shores  and 
luarslies  they  inhabit.'' 

ImThum.  K.  V.  i.Vnmni;  the  Indians  of  (Iniana  (i.  i ..  liritish  (iuiana).  London. 
18-li.  ~\(>.  I  llcad-llal tenin;;  cnslonuir\  annmii  p"oi)li' id'  iippi'i'  Ksseipiibo  K'iver: 
foruKilv  piev;ilent  ••imoii;;  chief  tilbes  llironf^hont  (iui.nia  and  auionj;  all  ''Irnc 
I 'a  ribs"  (p.  I'.M  1,     I  listortion  id'  wimiin's  li'fjs  by  ('a  ribs  ( |i.  V.^.i). 

I'hiss,  l»r.  II.  I  lias  Kind  iin  lir.inch  nnil  .*>itli- der  \'iilkei'.  Leipzij;,  lr^«|.  'JAull.. 
•-'  Hand.  I  I  icsciiplion  of  llit^  tri'atment  of  inl'anls  in  I'l-ru  under  the  Incas  ( /Jchi,  p. 
r>T).  The  saMU>  with  respect  to  children  in  .Asiatic  Turkey  and  Chinese  Turkestan 
(lil(iii.  p.  tlOi.  Kemarks  on  the  eti'ects  cd'  position  at  icst  (IiIdii.  \\]i.  -\.  —J).  ,Slate- 
menls  conccrnin)^  the  cradle-board  and  hcnl-llattenin;;  in  America  (  A/o/i.  pp.  101 
102).  l>escriiition  (d' the  sueklinu'-boaid  and  swaddlint;  of  int'ants  amoni;  the  .Maron- 
iles  and  Modern  (iernians  {lilviii,  p.  IIH,  lit). 

Sipiier,  L.  ({.  il'eru,etc.  New  York,  if''?,  -vo. )  Distorttd  Ayniara  sknll  from 
Chidpas  I  p.  244). 

AiipcndiN  li.  Extract  fi'oin  Fourth  .Aniund  K'eport  of  I'eabod\  Mnsi  niri.  Caiu- 
lirid^e.  Uemarks  of  I'rofessor  Wynum  "On  crania.  Two  modes  of  ilistorlion,  their 
ell'ects,"  etc.  i  pp.  r>80,  ."if^l).      f'idi  I'adre  Ariiafiii  on  this  custom, 

I'ricliaid.  .1.  C.  {Researches  into  the  I'liysical  History  of  Mankind.  Lomlon.lHll. 
1th  1(1.  -vo)  HiKiies  Spix  and  .Martins  on  the  separation  of  the  j;real  toe  anion;;  the 
I'liiis,  Ci  lopos.  and  Coroados.  Soulh  .\ineriia. 

Marcoy,  r.  (Travels  in  South  Anieiica.  Loiulnn,  1*7,-).  llo.  )  Headllatteiiin^ 
formerly  ]>racticeil  by  I'ciiivian  Coiiibos.  Obsolete  within  two  ^lenerations.  All 
very  (dd  people  .seen  by  Marcoy  had  distorted  ciaiiia  :  no  yonn^'  persons.  (Vol.  ii,  \i. 
•10,  and  note.) 

Acosta,  Joai|.  (p.'J4).     The  I'aiiches  (Cbibch:is)  coinpres.sed  the  skulls  of  infants  bo- 


I    cen  boards  ini 

.  >  iiiral  Ainericai 

i''(iii.     Lenji-tlii 

the  first-  four 

iriillles)  of  the 

-)..  ihe  Orejone 

I'lrdlMhila.       (I 

,     elistom   of  p 

*     in  sin  h 

I  he  same  stoid 

hliiu.     Conipri 

-nro.)    Now  o 

r  (jluichna  On 

iipiiianibas  of  1 

\    the    roilii;;u 

lie  mistook  a  til 

Cii'/.a  (eh.  100 

:ittened  behind 

iiirin<;  childhoo 

Owen,  Prof.  K 
,11  r  the  skull  " 
'ink  of  the  bea 

I  Iral  disloi'lion 
iieiit  is  iii.ade  co 

Cieza  (eh.  .'lO), 
I'oai'ds.  so  that  i 
.  .iiidiiii\  e  lo  li 
.\iiierieans,  elc, 

l.l.w.  Pis,  N 
■Lulls  of  till'  ail 

Meyen  (p.  iii'o 
lirail.      lvi\ero 
I'l'IU  '■  nele  mil 
:  ,ll  I  Vl's.  p.  7s, 
-illy  and  easily 

Marcoy,  P. 
.if  dislorl  in^  lb 
I  iires  showing; 
.  .inlains  niaiiv 
ill.  Ihe  (,»ilirhll 
'lisiorl  llieir  h 
I7t;,  .'•.l,'-).) 

Tori|uemada 
.  liililreii  wasa 
'  hal  of  I  be  ro,\ 
'11..  li.'J--.) 

In  all  lliesi'  i 
'.'111,  sixteelilli 
that,  if  Ihe  ill 

II  is  not  possil 
ib.it  after  Ihe 

I  'llo:i,  .liian 
.Villous  the  (^11 
pillows  or  ;iiiy 
shoiihlers.      I  \' 

IL  M 


-^   ..,?! 


U»-^i-.  jpj — tji — ;UJ 


imI,  ;m(l  if  11-, 
TIk'  wcijilii  (It 

il  iliMtoriloii  oi 
l>iit  (Hiiiiai'.'i. 
(I  llin  cviilciici 

'ct  tliiit  anioiii; 

II  tlifir  liarks.' 
■■  broad  .stiip.^ 
ices,      '     * 

r,.ir>. ) 

rill'  iiativt'H  (i| 
itcrior  liark  ni 
t  he  lupiijrli.s  111 

s  tliat  no  trill! 
I,  lint  tliat  cra- 
II'  liail  nut  nil 
if  tlii'ir  riinii> 
|i(ii'l<>il  iir  Miailc 
iMins  of  cradle 
11  rock  on  an.\ 
form,  wliiuli  i> 

It'll.  Soc.  Lon- 
louwc's  iiccomii 
coast  f  rilich  oi 
r  feet  and  toi - 
ild.v  slioics  and 

tna).  ]iondoii. 
'I'linilio  K'ivci' ; 
lonj;   all    '•  true 

,  l-ai.  >J  Anil., 
Incas  (  I  (link,  |i. 
icsc  'I'liiki'stau 
-1,>-J).  Hlutc- 
(  /(/<-/».  Jip.  lOl 
iiiK  tliti  Maron- 

iiara  ■■ikiill  from 

InsiMim.  Cam- 
iMtorlion,  tlicir 

London,  1-  1 1, 
toe  anion;^  tin- 

Icadlliittcninj,' 
icratioiiN,  All 
IIS.     (Vol.  II,  j(. 

Lsof  inraiits  bo- 


ARTIFICfAL    DKFORMATION    OK    ClIILUREN. 


225 


1(11  linanls  into  a  •'|iyraniidal"  sliapo.     (.Spencer,  Do.s.    Soc.  Aiieiont  MoxicariH, 
I  ciitial  Aineiiciins,  etc.,  \i.  'J"^.) 

Idim.     lienjitlieiiin;;  (Mpart  from  |iieriiii;;)  the  lolie  of  (lie  ear  was  a  royal  fashion 

I  he  lirst  lour  Incas.     After  Mayta-Ciipas  it  liccaiiie  desif;nativo  of  the  Caracas 

,irii|iiis)  of  the  liody  f^iiard.     Now  prevalent  ainon^  cert.iiu  trilies  of  the  Ama/ous, 

./..  the  Ore.jones  (Spanish),  hroad-eiirs.     (Vol.  ii,  p.  •JTO.) 

I'iidrahila.     (liook  1,  cli. '-•.)       The  Coyaiinas  and   N.ita;;ayinas  (Chilii  lias"i  "liiive 
1  ,1    custom  of  piillinj;   Ihe  lender  head  of  a  iiew-lioiii   child  lictween   two  hoards 
'     *     in  such  a  way  that  it      »     •     •     geLs  tlattemd."     The  I'iclians  and  I'ajiches 
I  the  same  slock  do  lliis  also.     (Spencer,  l)es.  Soc.  Aucient  Mexicans,  etc.,  p.  tl"'.) 

/(/on.     Compression  oftlic  head  into  the  shape  ol  '•  a  hishop's  milre."     (lii/crorto- 

iUiiro.)    Now  ohsoleto  anion;;  the  <)nia;,'iias  or   I'lathe.nls — a  Sjianish  co;  ni|)tion  of 

!!ie  (jiiiehna  Omahiias.     These  are   an  eini;;ianl  slock— the   I'maiias,  called   liy  the 

hipinamlias  of  Brazil  IcBii;;a-iiena  (llatlieads),  which  was  contracted  and  ci'rriipted 

\  Ihe  l'oilny;iiese  into  Caiiilndias,  whence  La  (,'ondamine's  mistake.  {Vide  Kef.) 
lie  mistook  a  title  for  a  lacc  name.     (Vol.  ii,  :(U>-;i4-i.) 

Cie/a  (ill.  10(1)  says  of  tiie  Peruvian  Collas  that  ''their  heads  arc  vry  loii^  and 
ilittencd  liehind.  hecaiise  they  arc  iireHsed  and  llattuncd  into  what  shape  they  choose 
iiirine;  cliildhiiod."     (Spenier,  I)es.  Soc.  .Vncieiit  Mexican.s,  Central  Americans,  etc., 

!'.•>.) 

Owen,  Prof.  jj.  (Anatomy  of  the  Vcrtelirates.  Londun,  l^dl").  .•*vn.>  In  the  Inca 
,i(ithc  skull  "  is  lii.nh  liehind,  owiiin  lo  the  haliil  of  carryin^r  the  infant  with  the 
.:irk  of  the  head  restiiii;'  on  a  llal  hoard,  Ihe  pressure  usually  producing  misyiiniie- 

I  iial  distort  ion  of  the  occiiiilal  p.trl  of  the  skull."  (Vol.  ii.  p.  ."iiiT.)  The  same  state- 
iiiciit  is  made  concerning  the  l'ala;;i>niins.     ;  N'ol.  li,  ji.  .M'p-. ) 

( 'ic/a  (eh.  .Ml).  Amonn  the  ( 'ar.ii|iies  of  I 'en,  the  child's  head  was  jircsscil  liet  ween 
I'liaids.  so  that  it  "  was  lonu  and  limad.  Iiiil  llal  hcliind."  The  liiili.iiis  said  I  his  was 
.  oiiducive  to  health  and  \  i^or.  (.Spencer.  Des.  Sue.  .\ncienl  Mcxicaiiv,  Central 
Aiuericans,  etc.,  p.  'J-^.) 

I'Um.  ris.  Nos.  ;Wi,  liST,  and  ;!'■'■',  vol.  11,  p.  .'iil7,  cxhiliil  artiMcially  distorted 
■knilsof  the  ancient  Peruvians  t'rom  Tilicaca. 

Me>i'n  (p.  ;!ro  nieillions  a  decree  of  the  Lim.i  Synod  of  I.'i'^ri  aj;ainNl  llatteiiin^  the 
111  ail.  Ivivcro  and  Tschndi  say  that  the  iirc;;iilariliis  in  crania  I'roni  I  In- cn.-ist  of 
I'cMi  "  were  iniiloiililedly  produced  liy  niei  hanical  causes''  ^p.  :!'.').  Santa  Crii/,  \ar- 
lalives.  p.  ?*,  >lales  Ih.'it  .Maiicot  'ap.ic  inl  loduieil  head  llal  leiiinn;  |o  make  ihe  people 
-illy  and  easily  ruled.      (Spencer,   Des.  Sue.  Aniieiil  .MeMcails,  elc,  p.  '.'.-'.) 

Marcoy,  r.  I'I'ravels  ill  So;;!  h  .\iiierica.  Louilnn.  l~T."i.  Ilo.)  Notice  of  ciisloiii 
Mlilistorliii;;  the  head  anion  n  the  Ayniaias.  (N'ol.  i.  |ip.  (17,  (i'^.)  Old  A.\  iiiara  sculp- 
lures  showing;  Ml  Ileal  and  anteropostei  lor  ll.ilteiiin;,'.  (Vol.  I,  p.  l-.'i.)  This  work 
.  .iMlaiiis  man,\  "typical  portiails"  (  I.  l(i:{)  "  taken  fnuu  life  "  ( 1,  ."iH).  Ifcorrcct  at 
ill.  the  (Vniehiias  on  the  west,  and  Ant  is  and  Chonlaiiuiio  Indians  c.isl  of  the  Andes, 
distort   their  heads  «oir,  thoiieh   Marcoy  does  not   say  so.     (  I'ii/.    pis.  Vol.  i,  (ip.  103, 

iTi;,  .M.').) 

Tonincniada  ( liook  xi\  ,  eh.  'J.'d  .illiriiis  thai  permission  In  shape  the  heads  of  their 
.  hildren  was  a  f.i  vor  ^iranteii  hy  the  Ima  to  some  noliles,  ..  •/.,  I  lie  artilicial  eon  tour  was 
Mial  of  Ihe  roxal  famils.  (Speneei,  Hes.  Sue.  .Viiiieiil  .Mexicans,  (.'entral  Aiuericans, 
.1,..  p.  •J-'.) 

In  all  llicseconteniiioraiy  facsimiles,  and  in  tlieportiail  medallions  (Vol.  i,  jip. 'JIO, 
.'H'..  sixteenth  century)  of  Incas  ,ind  Coy.is— "  I'lie  liiipeii.il  Tree"— it  is  iiolcworlhy 
ihat,  if  Ihe  delineation    is  at    all    accurate,  some   heads  are  dislorled  and  some  mil. 

II  is  not  )iossilile  III  this  instance  lo  reconcile  the  purl  raits  with  Las  Casas'  st;itenieiit 
lli.il  al'ler  Ihe  fourth  Inca  the  eiislom  ceased. 

nio.i,  ,lii,'in  and  Antonio  de.  (Voya«c  to  South  America.  London.  1H07.  Svo.) 
Amon^  the  (^lilo  Indians,  "  llieir  heds  consist  of  twoorlhrec  sheepskins,  without 
pillows  or  anylhiiiK  idse."  (Vol.  I,  [ip.  liH,  111'.). )  Children  are  carried  on  the  mothers' 
si Iders.     (Vol.  I,  p.  lO'.i. ) 

1 1.  Mi.s.  y,m.  \\\.  2 1") 


If' 


u 


•J2(; 


RKl'Olfr    OF    NA'rU>NAL    MUSEUM,   18S7. 


H, 


H 


1 


Mil  IS,  J      Criiivi'l;*  in  Cliili  Miull.ii  riiil.i,     liOiidon,  IH'JC).     8vo.)    Tlio  Paiiipa  Ti. 
tliiiiis  "lU'ViT  wnlU  ;ui.\  ilisiMiii  !■     *     *     "     sonic  use  Miiddli's.  but  iint  (ill  ;     *     * 
tlu'V  ni't'  ill  iiiiulr.  "     .  \(>1. 1.  |i|).-'r>().  v!ri7. )     Hr.  hcinlitoii  says  of  flic  "  liorsc''  Imliui 
orCliili,  tli;it  "  tJKii  Ic-s  :iiv  m'liciMlly  liaiiily."     (Vol.  ll,  ])-  t":!.) 

Among  till' Jiii1kiii>  111' Cliili;  ••  llic  cliilil  is  slnni;  in  a  kinil  of  basket,  tovnicil  of  n 
WDOilcn  iiooii  liiivinsi  a  net-work  strctilicil  aemss  it  ;  it  is  iuint;  by  tlMini;s  to  tlie  loui 
of  ilm  lint."     (Vol.  ll,)!.  ICrJ.') 

Do  La  Conilaniim".  i,l>elation  Alnejji'iMl'nn  Voya.Ljc,  etc.  MacHtiicliI,  17"H.  l','nio. 
Derivation  o''  the  triii.il  nanus.  Oniau:nas  anil  t.'aniberas,  from  llic  custom  of  ihitliT, 
inj;  the  lieiol :  noiiee  of  ihe  proeess  (|i.  70).  I  Ida  Porto-Scgiiro,  Historia  (icral  ih 
l!ra/il.     Vol.  I.  p|>.  I-.  l'> 

rorto-Seunro.  (llisloria  (ier.il  :lo  r.ra/.il.  liio  ile  Janeiro,  1^7-'.  Hvo.  Vol.  i 
Ileail-Flattenini;-. )  l"l vnioh);;ii  al  reni.nks  on  the  dciivation  of  ttic  iiaiin' of  eertaie 
Tniii  ((iuaraniel  trilies,  from  what  appeiirs  to  be  antcro-posterior  compression. 
''  Pareridas  a  minus  dr  bispos."    ( ^  ol.  i.  pp.  H,  10.) 

Sontliey  ri marks  (History  of  Ur,i/il.  London,  l-^l'.t.  'Un.  Vol.  ill,  p.  70;>)  thai 
when  Kilieiro  eneoiniteied  tiie  remains  of  t lie  Oniafiiia  at  Olivenva  in  1771,  "  the\ 
had  left  oil'  ihc'  appaialn^  for  ll  II  teiiiiw-  the  foreheads  and  elongatinjj;  the  beads  ol 
their  inl'iiiit--;  siill  liny  adniiird  the  old  st;mdaril  of  lieiinty  so  niiiidi  that  fhe\ 
moulded  llieiii  liy  h,-ind;  Iml  the  eii-.tom  is  now  wholly  disused.  In  Note  '.]'i,  \'ol, 
III.  p.  -'M'',  he  ailils  that  ''several  ..'bes  of  the  IJio  Ne;;ro  llatteiicd  their  heads  lik. 
tlie  ( )iiiai;nas."  lliimlioldl  Cl'olit  ieal  Kssay  on  Nc\v  Sp.iin.  London,  l~ll.  f^vo.  Vol 
!.  p.  l.'in^ays,  "ihi'  li.iiliaroiis  eii-.|iiin  *  '  '  of  piessiiiLj  the  lieiids  of  (diildrei 
belween  two  boaiils'"  in  ,'soiilli  .\nieriea.  "  was.  like  the  (ireek  c\ag^;erat  ion  of  th' 
facial  aie^le,  the  Kaimnek  nose,  the  Hot  I  en  lot  lips,  an  atteiii|>t  to  conform  to  an  idea 
of  beauty.' 

Spix  and  Marlins.     ''I'laMNin  lira/il.      Lonil I-''.M.    >vo.)    It  is  staled  that  tin 

w  oiiii'ii  of  I  he  ( 'oio,i(Hi>  (if  liasl  iira/i!  ■■  I'.ari  y  I  heir  ehildieii  aboni  on  their  back-., 
and  from  llie  eoiile\l.  a>  well  a>  llie  fact  llial  llie  sli-epiiif;  cradle  Is  a  lianimoek,  i 
seeiiis  probable  I  hat  I  hey  aiv  ■  ai  riril  in  a  ^iiiii^.     (  \'ol.  n,  p.  ','17.) 

liiowii  and  i.iilsloiie.  (I'illi'iii  'I'lionsaiid  .Miles  oii  Ihe  ,\iiia/on,  etc  London 
1-/-.  -\  o  )  'riiey  |iieii|i(ni  aiiolher  cNc.plion  lo  the  use  of  the  haminoek.  'lie 
I'.iniai  \  Indian--,  on  I  In-  b'io  ,\c'.;iii.  ■■  lia\  e  no  I  I  hr  peciiliai  ily  of  n>inf;  ha  in  mocks,  Im  i 
sleep  on  tie-  I  loo  I  of  llii'ir  tciils  "  on  ■■  mats  of  plaiteil  palm  leaves  "  i  p.   III:!). 

Ilcriol.t;.     Cli.'K  els  'rhion'.jh  I  lie  <  aiiadas.     London,   1-07.      Ilo.)     '•'I'lic   lira/il 
ians.  andsc\er.il  other  n.-niniisin  Smiih  .Vnierira."  plnii'^e  Ihe  iicw-born  iiitant    inlu 
water.     1 1  is  then  "  sw.idilli'd  to  lii  t  |c  lioaids  lined  with  ■■otioii,  and  more  fi  i'(|iicnl  1\ 
wii  h  moss  "  (p.  I'.  |:!  1. 

In  loiineetion  with  ret'ei'ciiccs  to  nose-llat telling  as  a  custom  anions  Hia/ilian  aiiil 
other  Soiifh  .\mciic;in  Indians,  (he  followiii!,'  indicates  hoih  the  variability  of  tin 
facial  i\pc  ami  that  of  I  he  standard  to  which  nasal  contour  conforms  when  art  i- 
tieially  modiiicd.  ]»r  Monssy,  \'.  .\L  i  Description,  etc.,  de  la  (!onfcderatiori  Arnen- 
tiin'.  I'aiis,  isiiii.  s\ii.  ,  ipiotcs  d'(  )rbiL;ii\"s  1/homiiie  iim^ricain,  etc.,  lo  the  clb'ct 
that  in  the  I'ci  avian  brainli  of  the  Ando-Pcriivitiu  lace  the  nose  is  long  and  high 
'lie/  lonu',  tiis  .acpiilin."  In  i  he  A  mi  si  an  branch  of  same  rtico  it  varies — "  iie/  \ari- 
able  "  in  till'  .\iaiii  anian  lir.ainh  of  s.anic  race  it  is  "  tn-s  court ."  'I'he  1 'a  in  pa  branch 
of  the  I'aiiipc.ni  race  lia\  e  i  hr  ••  nez  tii-s-conrt.  t  les-i'^pate.  a  narincs  larges,  on  vert  is." 
.Vmoiig  III,.  ( 'biipiiti  an  biamli  of  this  race  the  nose  is  "court,  un  pen  cpate.''  In  the 
thiid  or  .Mo\caii  1m  im  h  oi  the  I'ampcin  race  il  is  ''court,  pen  large,"  Among  the 
•  uiarani  t  ribi'-  of  I  he  lli  a/ilio(  inaranian  race,  the  feat  lire  isdeseribed  as  "lie/  court. 
I'tfoil.  n.arini";  eifdiii's."  Ijinjlh  is  a  natural  characteristic;  the  rest  may  be  natural 
or  artilici.al.  but  no  doubt  arc  laruely  moilillcal  ions.  ('('(/<•  references. /(KsKi'm.  (\'ol. 
II,  p|i.  1  l.'i-l  !7  ;  Hole  ) 

l>obri/hoiler.    M.     (Aii  Aicmmi  of  the  Abipmics.     London,  \^ti.     ^*vo.)     Fiitlier 
Uobrizholl'er  was  in  I'aiagiiay  IVoin   17  1>>  to  17i;7,  and   his  ethnological  m.ittcr  is  t)x- 


,  ptioually  vain; 

liiir  babies  in  w 

I  his  is  the  first  i 

Dobri/holi'cr, 

.minted  tribes- 

;,  nnfiiniislied 

nf  the  logs  isotici 

Dobri/liotl'cr  r 

,ho  are  iimvide 

,r\  cr  see  an  Ab 

:iaiis  ride  more, 

I'.iilicr  Dobri/hi 

at  ion  in  this  r 

iiiib  among  the 

:n  the  use  of  a  s 

King,  t'ol.  ^. 

-\ii.  )     'I'lieChil 

noses  would  bci 

I'arrish,  Sir  V 

,  hes  -"  I'ine  Tr 

uho,  from  beiii; 

tent  of  del'ormi 

I'his  points  to  t 

rrlmcli  hcs-l'at 

Harris,  .L     (I 

Scbald  lie  Wcer 

Sliaitsof  Mage 

u  as  cs  idelilly  I 

'rhcreare  sev 

,  .lase.     As  an  i 

Harris',   Navig; 

ir,-.';i,  to  the  <lV 

I'.iiiope; 

l.cighl  of  the  p 

lr\  "s  statement 

but  make  then 

Cook,  Capla 

n.itivcs  of  Tei 

and  chairs," 


Rae,  Pal.     (' 

tioniil  aschar 
Finmark  iind 
',':i'.'). 

Laing,  S.  ( 
as  a  cliaractci 
with  Ihe  leg-1 
all  above  is  f; 
I'anses  this. 

I'linol'ka,  '1' 
I  ion  of  the  Ai 

(iiiiil  and  I 
antii|n(t  cradl 
ket-work."    ' 


In'  Painpa  lu. 
Jill  :    »    »    . 

"^^^|■"  Indian- 
|(,  r<iriii('(l  ()('  ,1 

pi^'S  to  llic  idiii 

|,  l"-^.    I'-'iii... 

Itdlll   oi'  ll.llll   I, 

|ti>ii:i  (icial  il. 

f^vc).  Vol.  , 
Imiiic  ()(■  (•(■ihiiii 
\r  i'"iii|>ri'HMi(iM. 

.  i>.  to;;)  tliiii 

ill  1771,  "  tlir\ 
ii  till'  licnds  III 
iu'li   iliat    tliiv 

Noll'  :w,  \-,.i 

nil-  Iliads  ]\l. 

-1  I.  ■'vo.  Vol 
ids  of  (  liildic-i 

I'lat  ion  of  (il, 
ii'iii  I"  an  idi  :i 

Mtalcil  lliai  III, 
II  their  l)arKs, 
a  liaMiriioi'k,  i; 

111'  London 
.'iniirnii'l<.  'I'h, 
lianiMiiM'U,s,  lull 

i;i:!). 

'•I'll.'   Hiiizil 

'■' laiit   into 

inlc  Ciciiicntlv 

Hia/illaii  and 
ialdlily  of  tin 
nils  w  licii  aili- 
f^ration  AiXfii- 
,  to  tho  I'ir.ci 
ii{,'  "lid  liif,'li 
■!*—"  iir/  vaii 
I'aiii|>a  liiaiMJi 
,'i's,  ipiivcrtis." 
jiiiWv"  In  III,. 
Anioiiir  the 
IS  "  IK'/  court, 
Illy  III'  initnral 
imn^iin      (\'(d. 

^V(l.)       FilthlT 

iiiafttT  \n  ox- 


ARTIFICIAL    DKKORMATION    OF   CIIILlJRKN.  227 

■|iiloimli.v  valiialilf.     OC  a  cfrl^iiii  I  lilic  at  Mliain.'ia.  Iio  says:  "Tlio  niotlicrs  |Mit 


lialdi's  ill  wii  licr  Itasl^cts,  and  carry  (licin  on   ilicjr  shoulders."     (W 


I  his  is  tlie  lirst  notice  or.iiiv  cradle  l)'it,  a 


11.  r.ii.) 


Iiii'4'  ill  this  re^icni 


Doliri/.liotl'er,    M.     (An    .\ccoiini     of    the   ,\lii|ioiies,    I Ion,    l-^'J-J.      f*\:,.)     Tlui 


ainted  trihes  — Iiidios  luavos  -  of  1' 


;.   iiiil'iirnishcd  with  saddles,  even."     'I'liis  f: 

if  the  Icf^s  noticed  ill  pri'vions  rcfi'reiiics.     (Vol    i, 

|)(dirizhotVer  remarks  ol'  the  Ahiponcs  of  ('Inn  o, 


iia^iiay  "ilo  not  \\:i,'  stiiriiiis,  ,ind  most  id' them 
■I  .iccoiiiiis  for  the  excessive  ciirvatiiro 


1-.  ^;!t; 


.ho  aro  provided  with  siiddjes,  thonj^li  "  siirrnps  are  i:ot  in  .;eiieial  n 


an  ci|nestiiaii   |ieo|de,"  hut. 


that 


'ver  SCI'  ail  Aliipom    with 


handy  hn-i."     Like  the  Kimhl/,  all   t'lcsc  In- 


,i!is  ride  more  than  they  walk,  ,incl  ,iri'  placed  on    liorschack  ,il   tl arliest 


father  Diihri/.holier's  statement  is  not 


n  ,iccord;iiH'i.  v,  il  li  the  t'aels  of  coininon  olii 


latioii  in  tills  reuaril;  Init,  taken   with  some   icsirvaiion.  the  enalcr  Hyinmetryof 

liiiih  amoiiir  the  trihea  of  (!liaco  is  evident  ly  due  to  the  dilVeicnce  of  position  involved 

HI  the  lisi' of  a  saddle.     (Vol.11,  p.   li:!.) 

Kini;,  Col.  .1.  A.     ('rweiity-fonr   \'ears  in   llie  .Vr^jciit  iiie   liejiiildic.      I.oiiilon,  Hlli. 

-vo.)     'I'lie  (liiri  vicme   Indians  ol' ( ir,'ui-('lia<'o  would   not  eal    iiiiil  ton  t'or  liar  "  their 

noses  would  heconie  tlat  "  (p.   lll'.h. 

I'arrish,  .Sir  \V.  ( ISiii'iios  .Vyres.  London.  I~.i-.'.  Smi.)  .S|ie,ikini;  of  ihe  r.lnicn- 
,  lies  -"  i'ine 'rrees" — a  Tampa  hr,aiicli,  lie  s.i >  ^ ;  •■  j  |i;,\i.  sreii  some  of  these.  Indians 
\v  ho.  fi'iiin  lieiiii^  so  eoiistanl  ly  on  liorscli.ok,  had  Inionie  liou -jcij^rcd  to  sinli  an  c\- 
Icnl   of  del'ormity   thai    the  sides  of  their  feci     wnc   lunicd    inward,   clc'ij..    17;!), 

fills  points  to  t  he  aliscnce  of  a  s;idille,  such  as  iiscil,  at  Icisl,  li_\   I  heir  con  sellers,  the 

I  I'liio  h  lics-l'ata^onlans. 

llaiiis,  .L  (Navii^antiiini  atijiie  II  lncr,iiil  iiini  liililiol  heca.  London.  17  11.  I'olio.) 
Siliald  lie  Weert  speaks  of  t  he  "'  crooked  h^s  "  o|'  .i  ceilain  Indian  \uiiiiaii  foiinu  in  I  he 
.^1  laits  of  NLancllan.  (\'ol.  i,  p.  pj.  )  I'loni  what  is  said  .ilti  iwards  i /(/<  m.  p.  l;i)  (his 
u  as  e\  idcnl  ly  a  I'liei^ian. 

There  are  se\  era  I  references  to  t  he  distill  I  inn  ol'  liinlis  aiming  the  I'llc^iaiis,  and  to  its 
1,1  use.  As  an  example  of  the  niieii  t.iml.v  attach  in;;  to  ri|iiirl  s  of  the  cai  l\  \  oya;;ers, 
llai  I  is",  Navi^ant  inni,  etc.,  'inotcs  .laipns  Ic  llerinilti  \oyaL:e  of  ('ircinaiia\  lualion, 
hij;;,  lo  the  cllect  that  the  Inhaldtants  ol'  'I'd  la  del  l'Me;;o  wcie  "a.  fan  , is  ;iuy  in 
I'.iiiope;  '  '  "  very  stion;;  and  well  proportioned,  and  ;;cneially  almiit  Ihe 
l,ci;;ht  ofthepeoph'  In  I'.nroiie."  (Vol.  I,  p.  71.)  Ol'tlie  same  kind  is  Cuplain  (!ow- 
Ic.v'sstatcineiit.  made  tioin  personal  olisciv  at  ion,  l!:al  I  lie  1 1  oi  ten  lots  ■  aic  Imrn  «  Idle, 
liiit  make  themselves  Id.iek  w  ilh  son  I.''     i  Harris's  I'.ildiothcc.a.  \'ol.  i.  p.  -;i. ) 

Cook,  Captain.  (  \'o.\a^''s.  etc  London.  177:1.  -vo.)  1  Icscriliiiii;  the  heds  of  the 
ii,iti\cs  of  Terra  del  l"nc;;o,  s,iy  ,s  ttiai  "  ,i  lit  I  le  ;;ias.s  *  *  '  served  liol  h  for  lied 
,iiid  ciiiiirs.''     (\ol.  II,  p.  ,'>ri.) 

M)li;s  ii\   it.itiil'l;. 

IJae,  F.d.  criie  White  Sea  I'eninsnla.  Loiidoii,  1"L  "^vo.)  liowcd  leu's  are  men- 
tioned as  (diaract  eristic  of  the  .\orwc-iaii  Lapjis.  Not  ,i  pure  r.icc  like  t  hose  of  Sunt  Ii 
Fiiimark  and  Terski  Lapl.ind.  liishution  pioU.aldydne  lo  ihe  skin-hai;  cradle  (p. 
•j:!-M. 

Lain;;,S.  (.lonrnal  of  a  K'esidence  in  Norwa\ .  London,  l>:ii;.  -^vo.)  lledeserihes 
.IS  a  (diaraeteristic  the  howed  lei;s  of  the  Norwegian  Lapps,  "  I'hcy  form  a  ciirvo 
with  I  lie  h'lr-lioiie  do«  n  to  ihe  fool,  so  Iliat  in  slaudinu-  wil  h  I  heir  feet  close  together 
all  ahiive  is  far  apart  "  (p.  •,'I7).  rressiue  In  the  hood,  etc.,  diirinu  infancy  piolialdy 
causes  t his. 

I'liuofka.T.  (Mannersaiid  Ciistonisof  the  (ireeks,  Liuidoii,  l<»'.l.  4to.)  Descrip- 
tion (d'the  AfM'ir,  lU"  wicker,  shoeshapcd  swinnin;;  cradle  of  tireece  (Ft.  II). 

(iiiiil  ami   Koiii-r.     (Life  of  the  (!ici  ks  and  L'lim.iiis.     Lmidon,  -.     f*vo.)     "Tho 

antiiine  cradle,"  i.  c,  the  .\iKr„r  of  the  lleioie  a-e,  •'eonsistnl  ofa  Hat  swin^^of  l«a.s- 
ket-work."     Tho  child,  enveloped  in  the  (7T.i,)jiim,  must  iiecoH.sarily  liavo  heeu  bound 


mm 


t&iH,- 


228 


IJKI'Ol.r   ol'    NATIONAL   Mir.sHir>r,   is«7. 


^' 


t(i  ilii^.  III  till'  sIh"  ^liiiiicil  li.iski't-crailli'  ilio  iiiriint  ()<'i'ii])iiMi  ii  Hitliiif;  ]ii>,siti()ii 
(I'ir/c  111.,  [).  I'.Ci),  Tlir  lasi-iiMiiiril  craillc  liiul  tiMiidli's,  1i\  wliiili  it  rdiild  li<i  carritMl 
oiswMM".  Siilis<'i|iu'iillv,  wlu'ii  ((imiiiiiirK  utioii  witli  Asia  was  ciiiislaiil,  otluT  foiiiis 
111'  the  cradlt"  liinic  into  tisc.  "  <  radlis  similar  to  oiii'  own  inodi'iii  ours"  (|)|).  I'.l.'i, 
1',)IH.  'I'lir  r-ui'U!ii',  ii>i'd  cvcrywlicrr  in  (ircccc,  t'xii'|if,  in  Sparta,  wcni  dcsiHnfil  to 
iiii'vciil  (lii-tiii'lioii.  I'lrsidcs  llio  .swaddlinif-ilollii's.  liowcvcr,  llu'icwas  in  t  oiniiioii 
i;>i'  a  Milliiiciil  \ai  iii\  ol'  lird-flol  lirs  lo  nako  any  I-  ind  tif  roslinj;  |daro  for  I  lie  clilld 
soli  riioii^i;li  to  iiisiiic  sal'i'ly  a.s;aiiist  iircssurc,  vi/,  llic!  i,/.ir//  of  lioinor  was  coMTcd 
uilli  hides  ('.(,.m;).  and  oMT  this  hiy  the  i'irr<i-  hlaiikcls  or  nialtl'css,  )irrha|is.  Al 
all  .v.nts,  Ihr  lalir  m;."//"!'  was  a  sack  of  sonic  kind  ol'.stnH'  lillocl  with  IVathcrs, 
|iirlviil  wipol.  rtc,  and  was  laid  across  llic  straps  ol'  the  df/ov./,  or  I'oldili^  lied  i  col  ). 
I'licic  \i  lie  also  liiuii  sheets,  the  Idaiikets  liel'ore  mentioned,  and  some  kind  (d' a 
liea\  icr  cn\erinji',  iircsnmaldy  ol'wool,  since  il  was  roneh  on  both  sides — -(/i/ar/K.yair'i, 
.  -I  '.-.  iir.7':.  elc. — together  with  stnlTcd  pillows  and  liolsti'rs. 

I'll  ill--,  ir  llci  ker  (Chariclcs,  London,  1~»li;  Lnciii-iis,  ]ip. 'j-,'!,  y"2;J)  };ives  ninidi  the 
same  accon 111  of  t  lie  (1  reck  lieil  and  hedding  as(inhl  and  Koiier,  Life  of  I  lie  ( iri'idis  and 
K'onians  iy\.  V.\i\,  rl  .in/.).  Cradles,  he  says,  are  lirst  mentioned  liy  rintaridi.  "  I'lalo 
knew  nothiii|j;  of  tlicin."  No  author  of  his  au'i'  can  he  sai<l  to  have  iiientione<l  "a 
!ci;nl,ir  cradle."  Mothers  jirohalily  carried  their  childr<'n  in  their  arms,  and  I  hcse 
"  were  iidl  encouraged  lo  walk  \  cry  cai  1,\ ."  W'et-iinrscs  weii'  coniinoiily  employed, 
and  aiiKPii^  iliese  the  Sjiartaii  women  were  the  most,  famous. 

I'ol  II  1,  I  ir.  ,1.  ( Areha()lo;.;ia  (ii:eea.  New  ^'oik,  L"^-'."!.  Svo.)  Il  ajipcars  that  oU- 
scrvaliiiii  lia<l  t.iii;^lil  the  <irceks  the  ellects  of  ]ircssiire  on  imni.-itnre  hones,  Hincc 
•  'Very  w  here,  c\(c|'l  ill  S|i,nia,  \\  here  the  end  w  as  oilieru  isi'  secured,  the  infant  was 
w  ra]iped  '•  in  su  addlini;-harids  *  '  *  lest  its  linilis  '  "  *  should  happen  lo 
he  distorted  "  '  \i.  I!'.'-). 

]>e  I'erlhc^,  r.,  (\o\aec  en  L'lissie.  Paris.  I^MI.  I'Jiiio.)  K'cmarks  on  no.sc-llat- 
leiiiiiL;  in  Asiatic  Ivn-'sia.  and  proliahle  cause  ol'  the  ciistoin  i\>.  "Js"). 

Ihiiton  anil  l>r.ikc.  (  rncxplored  S\  ria.  laindoii.  l-T'J.  -vo.)  Craninm  said  {<< 
he  'riii.ini.in,  e\lii'iiiiiii;  •' iinilaleral  liatteninj4     "     *  from  iise  of  the  siKd^linj;- 

hoartl."     (Appendix,  vol.  it,  p.  'JTT.) 

liiirton  and  llialo.  (rncxplored  Syri.i.  London.  |r<T','.  -\o.  \'ol.  n.  Appendix.) 
Disloilion  (d'  cranial  conluiir  i-cfcrr,'d  to  ••cn>|iiin  <>t'  >\\ailiiiii;  the  chilli's  head 
tij;litly  after  hirlli"  (rii^-  l'ii\illc  on  the  )iiipccs>k  'I'liis  distortion  of  t  he  ciharci 
was  in  the  ••a'-e  of  a  SiMiiilie  (  prolialdv  .lewishi  sUiill  ( p.  I!  Hi  i,  \iliiil.,  .\ppendix, 
\  ol.  IM.  Speciineii  of  lirai  h.\  ccphalons  (iia  co-K<im;in  <raiiinm.  ex  hi  I  li  t  inj;  asy  in  met- 
rical iiarietal  and  supra -oc<ipital  llatleniil;;,  part  iaily  duo  to  "  siickliiig-hoiird  "  (p[i. 

:i.'iii,:'i.'.7). 

iSeeliolim,  II.  (Silicii.i  in  Asia.  London,  l~~".'.  -ao),  deserihes  an  Ost'-yak  cradle  as 
■•a  WiHidcii  box,  aiioiit  li  inches  clcep..  uitii  mnnded  cikU,  almost  the  shape  of  the 
t  liild."  'flic  o\  a  1  hot  1 1  HI  I  CI  i\  cred  w  it  li  saw  dust.  Infant  w  rapped  in  Ihiniicl  and  fiir.s, 
and  lashed  in  llii^  cradli'.     The  (hi  Id   is  iinr>cd  w  liih-  in  this  position  ( pji.  ti'-',  lii! ). 

I'l  iehard.  .L  C  (K'csearclie^  i  nil)  the  |'li\  >iial  I  list  my  111'  Mankind.  London,  1-11. 
Itli  cd.  -\ii.)  Hv' (|iiotcs  I'allas  to  the  (  licet  that  the  only  deformity  visible  aimuiif 
Kaliiinks  i>",in  cnitward  bendiiifiof  the  arms  and  lci;s,  resnltiiiji  from  the  |iract  ice 
of  call  sill;;-  (dii  hire  n  to  re-t  in  their  cradles  on  a  kind  of  saddle  "( vol.  i,  p.  o|i:i). 

I'rejval-ky.  ('ill.  X.  (Moii;.;olia.  London.  1-Tti.  sAo.  \'ol.  I.)  Chapter  ii,  pa;ie 
17  I'l  s,  1/  .  "  is  e-peeially  devoted  lo  I  he  1  ihiioloLiV  of  .M  one  I  ilia."  lie  sa\s  of  the  .Mon- 
gol, ■■his  lei.;s  are  bow  ed  by  con-.tanl  eiiucst  rianism  ;  "  but  iiolhiiijf  of  any  form  of 
cradle,  or  mode  id' carry  in;^  infants,  or  of  ma  lloniia  lions  other  than  the  above,  is  Huid 
any  wlicre. 

In  I'limiiclly's  Aeioss  Aineiiea  and  Asia,  La  Lar,ne(p.  I'.i'.i)  has  ;;iveii  fac-similes  ol' 
wonil.eiii>  lepreseniiiie  \ai  ions  defiiniiities  111'  ihe  head.  e\  idciitly  arlilicial.  .Jap- 
aiicsi!  art,  and  especially  ticnie  art,  is  of  a  hi;;li  order,  iiol  rehilivcly,  but  positively, 
unil  lis  il  can  not  bo  supposed  that  such  kIioiiKI  bo  tlio  caso  without  a  kn\)\vled<'o  ot 


I  he  fact  that  all 
characteristics  tt 
I'lirincrly  any  •■n^ 
Kroni  Dr.  W.  N 
1  hildreii  are  can 
I  hat  the  crossed 
( 'apt.  .lolin  (!.  H 
to  that  dcHcribci 
a  board,  into  wl 
liv  the  .lapani'Hi 


'|"he  Kmperor 
vays:  "'I'he  ane 
little  hard  bed, 
Ihittcncd  and  bi 
ihe  new  born  i 
rower.''   'I'hisw 

l!il>k,  (ieiiri^e 
nil  a  skull  leriU' 
••  almost  sil;j,^ef 

,s;peiicer,    IL 
Arabs.)    ••Nobl 
I'his  was  done 

N'ambi'ry,  A. 
head  is"propo 
..limce"  that  in 
ell. lb"  ip.  •,".••;) 

l,ly  the  lolisciil 

Pallas.  (I,'.'- 
w  hich  arc  <;ent 
like  the  arms." 
I'catbeinian 
H-7.  •■'vo.)  ' 
burdens,  have 
(p.  ',!t7). 

Fealherman 
1--7.  .-vo.  j  . 
"A  block  of  w 

Laiiesdorf, 
.\in.>s  (.Lipan 
llic  people  of 
luodiiced  by  : 
iiij;  is  said  of  I 
111,,  ease  of  iiil 
M'erctary  id'  t 
carry in;i  iiifa 
is  never  band 
Mifl  inattress( 
to  clasp  the  1 
thi^  outer  Ki"' 
History  of  I 
on  all  voya^i 
Cilocester,  IT 
clotbs."    No 


Iliiif,'  iiONitioii 
|l'I  111"  ciirricd 
,  iitlii'i'  forms 
"^"  (l'|>.  \'X>, 
I'  ilcsiniicd  to 
fs  in  (i.iii'iioii 
loi'  llif  chilli 
\v;i.4  covcicil 
||"lli;i|i>.      ,\l 
•  illi   li'.ithcrs, 
llij;  lii'il  I  (•(((). 
lilt'  kind  (>{'  ;i 
'liinriii'.}/i(iT(i, 

vi's  iniu'Ii  llif 
Ik'  (ili'idiHaiid 
iiili.  "i'lalo 
iii-ni  ionril  •■  li 

MH,  .•llld    llnvsr 

1>  i'ni|.|o\fd, 

•f.ir.s  (iiat  oil- 

lioiiivs,  isiiici, 

II'  in(';iiit  was 

111   li;iii|)cn  lo 

on  n(»,c>-d,it- 

iiiiiiiM  said   to 
III'-  Micklin^- 

I.  Ali|irndi.\.) 

•■liiM's   head 

I  111'  ral\  air:i 

'■.  A|.|M'iidi\, 

iii^^asyninict- 

liiiaid"  (pi). 

liiN  riadio  as 
■''liaiM"  of  (li,. 
iiiil  and  flirts, 
'.  c-'.t;:!). 
iiiidiPii,  Hll. 
isiUIr  anionjr 
tile  luact  ici' 

'Ill'  II,  |iaj;i- 

"f  tlii-.M(,n- 

illiy  fiiiln  of 

l>ii\f,  is  hail! 

ii'-Niinilis  id' 
liiial.     Jap- 

I    |losilivi'l,\, 
l>.'W]l'l|<r|)    III 


AKTinciAli    J)EK01tMATl()N    0|'    CHILDRHN. 

fart  that  all  carii'atmo  ilrpi'iids  for  itsiMfrii  upon  an  nxiiifircnit 


;ii;i!;criitii>ii  of  williuio 


liaiai'lrrisliis  to  the  lirHrci-  of  f;iolfsi|ni'iii'ss,  il  would   In'  uidl  to  imiiiiiv  if 
■  iiinrl'lv  uiiv  riistoiii,  rlr.,  jilslilii'il  llii'.si'  niiiloiirM. 


now  or 


I'loni  l>r,  \V.  \V.  Roiddiill  (lin  iiifoniiat  ion  Ih  ri'cijjvfd  that  in  (,'li 


ilia  and  Moiij;iilia 


rliildri'ii  ari>  canii'il  in  llii"  sanin  way  as  di'srrilii'd  liy  Mr.  AUahaiir  in  .Japan,  cxcitpt 
Ilia  I  till'  rrossi'd  liaiiils  to  siTiiri'  tlir  rliild  on  the  niolln  r's  liaclv  ari'  not  iiiaili'  iisr  of. 
t  'apt.  .lohii  (i.  itoiiiUi'.  11.  S.  Army,  states  that  the  Navajss  iisi'  a,  rradli'-linard  Himilar 
111  ihat  dcscrilird  liy  Major  I'owidl  on  tlw  Colorado,  vi/,  a  Innkskin  sail;  fasti'iii'd  to 
;i  lioaril,  into  wliirli  tho  infant  is  put  wilhoiil  liriiiLj  >«  allird,  .\o  cradli's  aro  .isnl 
liy  till'  .lapaiirsi',  Cliiiirsi',  or  in  Miinj;olia. 


Ni>'n;s  ON  A.-iiA. 
'{'Ill'  I'.iiipi'ror  of  China,  Kii'ii-liiii;;  ( ITl'.ti-lTlMi),  in  his  work  Muiiililiu 


■ijitin-llitii-la 


'fill- anrii'iil  MaiidilionsMoini' days  afli'i' tlir  liii  I  h  of  a  rliiiil  pirparrd  for  it  a 


III  111'  hard  linl,  and  laid  it  thrri'oii  fan'  up.      I.ittli'  hy  hi ! !     thr  hark  of  || 


II'  iirail  u as 


llal li'iH'd  and  lii'i-aiiii'  lar 


r;;i'r.     'I'hi' C 


ini'si'  ha\  !•  a  riistnm  opposili',  (o  I  !iis.    'fhry  lav 


ihi'  iii'W  1)11111  upon  ils  sidr,  lilst  rinhl,  I  Inn  Irl't,  whi'irloir  ihr  li.:id  is  madi'  nar- 
rowi-r.''    'f  his  wonldinaki'lhi'  Maiidrlioiislirai'liyri'phalsand  llu'Cliinisidiiiirorrphuls. 

Iiiisk,  (iiorj;i'  (.loiir.  .Vnlhrop.  lust,  (inat  Mrilain  and  Irrlaiid,  Vov.,  1-7''',  "Xoti's 
oil  a  skull  li'rmcd  Xalial  liaaii '")  says  t  hat  ri';;ariliii^  tin'  norma  lalnalis,  its  oiitliiii's 
•'alniosl  sni;i;rsl  that  thr  skull  has  lii'i'ii  ronslrirlrd  hy  a  haiiila,i{i'." 

Spcinrr,  II.  ^  I)i  sriipl  ivi'  Siiiiolii;;y,  \.  \.  Asiatic  Kaccs  anions  the  Xomadic, 
.\  rails.)  "  Nolih'  lam  i  lies  iisid  to  alter  thr  shaiic  of  i  hildrm's  heads."  ('I'.ihle  xxxi.) 
This  was  done  in  I  lie  a;;i' of  Alioii-Zi>  d.      (liastiaii.      .Meiisih.  ll,'.'',".l.      Id.,  p.  •jl.) 

X'ainlii'ry,  A.  (Skelehes  of  CimiIimI  Asia,  liomion,  l^li-.  -vo.)  The'  'I'lirkom.-in 
In  ail  i- "  |iropi>rl  ioiially  small  "  .llld  oIiIoiil;.  This  I'orm  "  is  asei  ilu  d  lo  the  rireiini- 
^laiiie"  that  iiifaiils  are  not  iradhd.  lull  "  idaieil  "  '  '  in  a  s«  inj;' made  of  liiuMi 
iliilh"  (p. ',".111).  The  Tiirkomaie.  (■ommoiily  liav(\  "  their  I'eet  lieiit  inwardl.\  ;  proh.i- 
li|>'  till'  eoiisei|nenei'  of  t  heir  eon  I  inn  a  My  riding;  on  1)'.   -'diaek  "  (p.  'JlKii. 

I'allas.    ( I, '.•-,  I  /  Ml/. )    'I'he- Kalmneks  "  are  Well .  il  h  Ihe  exeepiion  of  thr  |e_^,., 

w  hieh  are  };eiierally  hiiil  (a  sin;;  from  liein^  so  miirli  on  hoiseiiaik  >,  .iiel  slender, 
lik('  the  arms,"      (Speiieer,    |)es,  Soeiol.   Asiatic   li'.lie--,  p.  ;'., ) 

l-'ealherman,  .\.  iSocial  '(is|oi\  of  I  he  K'aees  of  .\iankiiid. 'Jil  di  vision.  l.ondiMi, 
I-'"7.  f^vo.)  'I'he  women  auioiie  the  Ni'asrsa,  "who  are  aeeiislnnieil  to  liear  heav\ 
liiMileiis,  have  their  knees  inriied  inward,  and  their  hips  are  more  or  less  deiormed" 
Ip.  :tlT). 

I''ealhernian,  .\.  (Social  llislory  of  l  lie  Kaies  o|'  Mankind,  '.'d  division.  London, 
I--T.  .-Ml.)  Amon\;  the  .Nieohar  Islanders  "  l  he  skull  Is  depressed  hy  ail  "  i  p.  ',':i',i). 
"A  I  dock  of  w  Olid  aiisw  CIS  the  purpose  ol'  a  pillou  "  ^  p.  '.'IIM. 

I.anysdoif,  <i.  II.  von  (  \'iiya;;es  and  TraM'K,  London,  l-l:!.  Iio)  desiiilii.s  ihe 
.\iniis  (.lapaii)  .'is  ha\in;r  "  eompressed  noses"  (\ol.  I.  p.:i'.'-!.  I  L- s.ivs  I  he  same  of 
ihepeojile  of  Oon.'ilasli ka  ^^ol.  11,  11.  "1  I.  Il  is  not  sialeil  ihat  this  peciiliarily  is 
prodiiied  liy  arlilieial  iinaiis.  In  this,  .is  in  a  >;real  niimlur  of  other  insl.inces,  imtli- 
iiii;  is  said  of  the  appliaiires  used  ;   luil  I  he  iiil'eieiice  is  (ha  I  siieli  miisl  I  ia\i' existed  III 

lhi.  ra if  in  la  Ills.     'I'he  t'ol  low  in;;  information,  eom  mini  ica  led  lis  Mr.  Shiin  Ak.aliaiie, 

seerelary  of  the  .lapaneso  lee'.'ilion  at  \Vasliin;,'tiin,  exhihits  a  \ery  simple  mode  of 
carry  in;;  infants  on  lln-  liaek.  No  cradles  of  any  kind  are  used  in  .lap.in.  i'he  child 
is  never  )iaiidae;ed.  It  is  u  rapped  loosrly  in  a  cloth  of  some  kind,  and  placed  on  a 
soft  mat  tress  on  the  lloor.  'riiere  it  remains,  except  w  hen  nursed,  until  il  Isold  eiioneh 
to  clasp  (he  lioily  of  its  parent  with  its  Icf^s,  when  il  is  placed  on  llie  hack  lienealh 
the  outer  e;;irment,  and  snpporled  hy  1  wo  hands  passing;  ii\  er  ils  liack  like  cross-hell.s. 

History  of  Kaiiit chat  k-.i(tra nsla I  I'd  .iiid  ahridned  I'ronioriicial  Kiissian  account,  haseil 
on  ;i||  voyai;cs  ami  travels  to  K.inilchalka  and  K'urile  Islands,  l>y  Hr.  .lames  (irievc. 
(ilocester,  1T(M,  •Ito).  The  Koieki  ^Kiiii.iks)  "use  neither  cradle  nnr  swaddliii;;- 
clotbs."    No  uicutioii  of  any  kind  of  hodily  iiuilfonualiou  (p.  5i^3). 


t,„ 


aao 


in;i't»i;r  oi'  nation ai.  mu«i:um,  1887. 


I 


As  (irii'vo  siiys  ln'  <iiil\  iinul  ioii-i  f.nis  t  nuciiiiiii;;  I  111)  KiiiiakM  jiiid  Kuiile  IhIjukU'I's 
whirli  MM'  Hill  ti'iir  III'  K:iiiih'luilitMli'>,  it  iii:iy  l>i'  tiin'  tliMl  in  Kanitiiialka  and  tlii>  Kii 
rili's  crailli's  (ici  iisi'cl. 

I'.iiili  animii;  ilic  Ainos  ami  'J'aitai's,  K'ollin'.s  ilcNfriptidiis  iroiiit  to  dislorf ionn.  Tin 
liilluw  iiii;  ail'  liisnanial  ima.siiit'iiu  uIm  in  Sa;;lialioii  anil  at  tin'  liaio  dc  CaNtrics 
Islam!  of  TfliiiKa  (Say;lialii'n  ),  rircnMilVii'nri-  of  lirad,  I  Inni,  lo  imlics,  I  lines;  Ioiil; 
dianii'ti  r, '.' ini'lirs,  >  liiiis ;  ^lll>l'l  diaim'trr,  fi  inclns,  -  linrs.  Hair  df  Casliirs,  i  ii 
iiiiiilriiiHT  of  licail,  I  fool,  '•>  inclns,  I  lines;  Ion-;  diaineler,  K  Iniln's;  shorl  dianieln 
i'l  Im  ill'--,  1  lines. 

r.ii--li,  l».  .1.  ( IJeindeer,  |)iins.  and  Sniiw-Slioes.  X.  Y.,  1^*71.  f^vo.)  In  Oelolief  Hiisli 
saw  a  nil  hi;;  I  lie  I  iilaks,  mi  I  lie  Aniimr,  "a  ha  lie  liL;litl,v  lianda^ed  in  a  wnnilen  In  is  m 
I  ladle,  sunietliiiii;  like  lliat  nsed  liv  mil  Ann  rieaa  liidians,  I  ml  w  illi  its  lei;s  IVniii  lie 
knee  diiu  nwanls  iinrelleinl,"  'I'liis  i  radle  was  lien^  \erlieall,\  tii  tlie  "  iidi;e-|i(ile'' 
III  a  "  lean-In"  shell  er,  ami,  I  he  elulil'-,  feel  Iiiiiehiiin'  the  ;4riiiiiii|,  il  '-sw  liiit;  itsell" 
^  |i.  I".':''  1.  in  I II  ir  I  Ilea  si  Silii  ria  in  .laiinai  y,  liiish  saw  "  I  wn  lit  lie  Imys,'  lielonnin;;  In 
llie  nmiiail  Tniiunsjaiis,  •■  lashed  lii;;eiher  and  llinnvn  over  a  paek-saddle,  the  mie 
lialaneinj;  the  111  liei.  •  -  »  They  were  eaih  sewed  iip  in  single  nainieni  *  ' 
inadi- III' heavy  reimleei- t'nr."    ()iil\   t| \esaiiil  imse  were  visilde  (|)|i.  •.Mn.'Jll). 

A.  v..  \ii|ilell»kii"iiil  (\'nva;;e  nl'  ihe  \'ei;a,  l.nndmi,  I-^l,  .^\ii,  \  nl.  Ill  deserilie^ 
'•a  v\iile  skin  eiiveiiiij^  Willi  the  lej;s  and  alius  sewed  (of^etlier  down  wards  "  as  the 
Milisiitnle  fur  the  eradle  aiiimiL;  the  Cliiikihis.  Similar  deviees  used  hy  most  poliir 
tribes  aii|iaielll1>.      No  V  isihle  eailse  I'lir  il  istm  I  lull  (p.  III'.'). 

Xorits  UN    ,M  IIK'A. 

Wdiid,  .1.  (i.  1  I'l'iivili/iul  IJaees  111  Men.  llaill'mil,  1-71.  '^vo.)  'I'lie  .Miyssiliian 
liiidwives  niiild  the  Iraliiles  ul'  iiil'iiils  •■In  111, ike  llieni  handsonie  "  (\i.  ti.'.-i. 

AViiiid,  .1.  (i.  ( I  III  ivilizeil  l.'.His  i.r  Ml  II.  Ilarll'iird,  1-71.  -vi;.)  Aiiimii;  the  I'aii- 
the  eliilil  is  carried  astriiK- nl' a  ii.iik  lull  (p.  ."lillh.  The  "  p.iiiiLjkiHint  "  nr  eiienlai 
mat  el  oak  nl"  Aiistr.iliaiis  serves  m  earry  Ihe  eliihl,  verlieally  plaeeil.  The  .\iisl  r.ili.-iii 
i'lirm  is  exeeiitim.ills  line  .  ji.  li'.l'.l  I.  The  i  r.ulle  nf  I  he  New  Zealand  ililant  isaiiial 
wrap  (  p.  -17  1.  In  .New  (iiiinea  ihe  eliild  lies  "in  a  ,snil  nl  slinj; '"  of  l.'.av  es  nr  hark, 
and  is  sn  e;iriieil  (p.  '.ml  i. 

Alexamler,  Captain  (.Iniir.  Unval  (ien;4r.  Soe.,  liiiiidnli,  iKf.'i,  Vol.  V,  p.  lil"",  note) 
says  of  the  l'iii;;iii  ,s  (nr  Wanderers)  nl'  .sinriih  Al'rie.i,  that  their  "(diildreii  are  eaniod 
hidiiml  wripped  in  lie/  karnss." 

l-iftli,ll.  I  .\I.iilaj;ase,ir.  Ivilmhiii'Lih  and  ].,iiiidi)n,  1—^1.  l-.'ino.)  Tip'  Maf^alasy 
"  Hint  her  e.iiries  her  ill  fall  I  npiin  her  li.iek.  and  iinl  in  her  arms  "  (p.  (il).  No  deserip- 
linli  lA'  ihe  m■■all^  IImiI  in  sll|lpnrt  the  ehllil. 

On  p:iL;e  I'.K!  nf  .M.  ( '.  lliiel'-  .Maila.i;ase;ir  la  Iv'eine  des  lies  .M'rieaines,  there  is  a 
|ihlle  nf  .1  wniiiali  eari\\  i ii^  a  eliilil.  |il,iri  i|  in  a  snrt  nf  linnd  fnrmeil  nf  a  fiihl  nf  t  he 
niiier  ;;aiiiieiit,  w  liieh  may  e.\|il.iiii  l.it  I  le's  si  aleiiient. 

Wilkinsnn,  .'<ir  ,1.  (I.  ( .M.inneis  ami  Ciistnins  nf  the  ,\iieienl  il^ypliaiis,  New  '^'nrk, 
l-'7'.n  states  that  the  h.  ;iil-ri>t,  e.r  airniilm'^  In  I'mphyry  "  ,i  lialf-eyliniler  nf  wnnd 
in  lien  nf  a  pillnw."  v..is  in  .^.iier.il  ii-e  in  Duypt.      i  \'iil.  i,  pp.  Is.'i,  ISI).) 

Wilkinsnii  ailiN  I  hat  the  sam.'  kind  nf  a  pi  llnw  is  I'mind  in  China,  Japan,  and  aniiiii;; 
the  Ashanlees  and  Kaliirs.  This  i-,  a  very  iniomplete  slateineiit  of  the  penples  w  lin 
use  the  heail-rest;  lint  there  is  a  slight  iiii-()ii),'iiiit.v  between  his  asserlinn  (if  the  uni- 
versal use  nf  t hi-  kind  nl'  ],i llnw.  ami  that  made  ( Vnl.  I.  p.  117  1  tn  tin-  ell'eel  that  the 
F.j,'ypti;ilis  eniiimniily  --lept  nn  cmu'le  ■•,  liee.anse  many  of  thnse  depleted  ill  his  plates 
wmilil  lint  have  iiermilted  the  head-nsi  In  he  nsed  on  aeeoiint  of  their  iorm.  He 
says  also  th.il  tin-  ll^yptian  hed  was  often  a  skin  jdaeeil  on  the  ^froiind  nr  ,i  frame  of 
Jialm  w  ioker-wnrk  like  the  iiimlern  ealVass,  and  in  these  eases  ii  wooden  pillow,  eiisli- 
inned  as  in  Japan  and  China,  for  the  rieli.  nii^lil  have,  been  eniployed. 

'I'lie  Madi  women  earry  their  inl'.ints  in  skins  whieli  have  keen  dried  in  tho  sua 
and  scraped  clean  aud  smooth  with  a  stone  and  softened  w  ith  butter.    Tho  skius  of 


^;i)atH,  HU'/.elies,  sll 
i.ver  the  mother's 
with  its  head  hel 
the  sun.     When  ( 

i--;i-H»,  p.:i'^:>.) 


I'nrlies,  W.O. 

l-s."i.     fvii.>     In' 

spallie,"  whiili  i> 

niie  sleeps  nn  a  b 

a  pieee  nf  si|iiare 

|)i.  ,1,  (1.  (larsi 

|irneiiriil   by  fori 

llinie  or  less  llalt 

|iriiiliieed   by  lay 

like  that  desi  ribi 

imir  in  Timoi-I/ 

whether  the  Ilea- 

I  larsnn  observes 

|..      dih,"  a  faet 

,,:     eeipital  tlatl 

1,   al  iiienmplete 

iliirin^;  ;;riiwtli  i 

faet,  and  of  emi 

Cambell    (Cen^r 

li'nyul  (ieo;;r,  S. 

made  of  "pieees 

Iheii    eranial  el 

ir.:t).    •    *    " 

'  '  •  as  tin 
lint  iinivi'i'sal  ii 
mats,  and  havi 
C.iplain  Lewis. 
I'Inwer,  Willi 
II,  Nn,  -i^.)  11 
the  ell'eel  that 
I'J). 

I'eatherman, 
1.-.-7.  Hvo.)  / 
purpose,  is  iisei 

low"  (p. '-'riH). 

Iveyiiolds,  J. 
that  the  heads 
sun  fnr  this  (p. 

(iiiillemard, 
."snlii  Arehipeh 
of  a  long  bam' 
rock  the  ehilil 
women  "  with 

I'eatheriiiaii 

1887.     Hvo.) 

I'i'oin  early  iiif 

Mai'sdeii  (p, 

oliildreu  uowl; 


AKTil'KJIAI.    l»i:i'()K.MAI  |(.N    (»|.'    Cll  IL|)I{K\. 


31 


li'  InIjukIit- 
aiiil  till-  Kii 

MtioiJH.       Til. 

<!'•  t'jtNtrii'N 
I  lines;   loin; 

'.istlics,    I'll 

Ml  tliiiiiii'li  r, 

cIoImt  KiinIi 
I'lli'ii  liii\  III 
;,"*  rnmi  tji, 
ii(ljic-|iii|.'' 
li'i:;  ilscli  " 
I  Ii'||l;iiii;-  Io 

III',    till-    Dill' 
rill       "       •       • 

■-'Ii»,-,M1). 
II )  iliNirilif^ 
iiil>"  as  till' 

l\    lllllfil    |iii|;il 


•'  Aliyssiiiiaii 

"ii;;  rhc  Kail. 
"!•  rli'<'nlMi 
H"  Aiislrali.'iii 
Cant  i.N  a  iiial 
avcH  (II-  liark. 

||.  :!l-,  in(ic) 
II  ain  ciiiriod 

li"    MaijaliiNy 

Nl)  lll'M'|'i|l. 

•<,  tliiTc  is  ,'1 
a   I'liM  1)1'  till' 

',  New  ^'(irk, 
il<'r  of  wiiiid 

.  and  Miiioiij; 
|M'ii|i|is  win, 
1  of  tlin  iiiii- 
t!L't  (hat  till' 
»  Ills  iilaliiH 
I'  fiiriii.  Hi- 
r  a  fraiiin  oC 
illciw,  <'iih1i- 

III  till)  sua 
riio  skius  of 


;iMt.s,  K'a/..'li..s,  Hh.'.'i,,  and  ..ajvi's  aiv  mh..,!,  il,..  I.'j.,  I,,.,,,;,  i,.,i  tnui'tluT  and  Htiim- 

■'^'■'■""' tli'T'ssliimliiii-H.     Till'  l.al.N  „|,l;M'i'ii  in  lli.'sU,,,  iiii.Iit  the  woiiiuii's  anii^ 

uilh  ilNJiead  liehind      S..iii..|  imi's  a  .,- d  ,s  pjar vii- Hi,.   Jir,,,!  I..  |in.t('c,t  II  tVnin 

lir.sim.     Whfii  "Id.  r,  the  .'hild  isianii'd  i.ii  III,  .m,,      ( I'mc,  |;,,y.  Si.c    Kdiiiln.i'.,!! 
I  "if- VI,  p.  :w.-)  )  .  .  „   , 

NOTMS  ON   (iri:.\MCA. 

I',,il,i's,  ll.(').  (,A  Naliiralisr  A'andi'iini^s  m  I  lie  I'liisli'in  Ariliiprlatjii.  Xeu  Y.irK 
l-<>.  -v.i.)  lirriiiinr.|,aiil  ,  lanlNare  laiil  ••i|iiit('  ii;iK,'d  •  '  '  ,>ii  a  hard  |>alni 
-|,allie,"'  wliieli  is  N|iiead  in  a  siwela  or  •■  ri.i|i;li  rall.iii  l.as'o't  '  (|)i).  ;!!.'.,  :\V\).  Kverv 
■  HI,' sleeps  on  a  liaiii|iielte  ei)\eii'il  with  liaiiihiiii  niais.  ami  tl,  ,v  ■lesi  (heir  ln'ails  on 
.1  pill','  of  si|nared  liaiiilioo  with  riiiinded  edges''  (p.  :'.|^^ 

in.  . I.  (i.  Ilarsiiii  (Appendix  Io  I'ail  IV,  p.  :;l:!),  ileseriliiiit;  I  li,'  1  imoi  -  l.aiil  iraina 
|,r,M-iiri'il   l>\  l''oilies.  reiiiai  Us  thai  "all   tin'  liiaeli\  eephalie  sknlN     •     "     -     |..\hiliil 

nior •  less  IJattenin^i  in  ihe  oeeipilal  ami  pai  ieio-o,'i  ipii.il  ri'i^i sm  h  as  woiiM  lie 

piodnei'd   li\  layin;^  an  infaiil,  will |   any  miIi    mati'iial   hr  its  lieail,  in  a  iiadle 

like  Ihai  di'si  lilied."  Owinn  i"  •'•le.  inlei  mixinre  theieai','  I  wo  types  of  ciaiiial  eon- 
loiii'  in  'riiiioi'-Laiit;  Init  it   is     vidi  nl    that   the  same  condilioiis  luiisl   be  ojieiative 

whet  her  the  head  is  Nhmt  or  loni;.     The  dilleii  nee  is  oi r  dei^i'.T,  lie    (d'  kind.     Dr. 

I  iaisiili  olisei'ves  also  I  hat  "the  lieii;lil  ol'  I  lie  skulls  is  in  all  iiislanei  <  li'ss  I  hail  llie 
1'  dth,"  a  I'aet  wliieli  (all  lioii:;li  iml  iiieiil  imi,  d  a-,  sii,  h;  is  of  Hie  same  elass  as  that 
IP!     eeipilal  llatteniii^,  ami   appaii'iil  ly  dil,'  l,i  the  same  eaiiH,',  vi.;,  the  wei;;lil    of  a 

I,  al  iiiconipletely  ossilied  lesliim  on  an  niiyieldiii;,'  snrtaee,  and  in  whieli  nstitiitioii 
liming  ;;rowth  is  prevenled  hy  the  snlisi'ipii'iil  Mm'  111'  ,1  u,io,l,'li  pillow.  .\ii  isolated 
laet.  and  of  eoiirse   having  only   that    value   in    this  eoiimeli'iii,  i-,  slaled   liy   .M.-ijor 

raniliell   (( ieo;^raphieal  Miinoir  of  Mi'l\  ille  Isl.iml.  iinii! i-l  nl'  Aii-Ualia,  in  .loiii'. 

Ii'oyiil  (;eo;;i'.  Soe.  Knndon,  l-:>l,  \'ol.  IV  i.  He  sa.\s  that  the  pillows  lie  saw  \vi'i'(\ 
mail,'  of  •' pieces  of  soil  silky  hark,  rolled  up  in  si\,ial  loiiU"  (p.  |;,7).  and  also  that 
their  eianial  eharaeleiislie  is  that  "the  liai  1;  ot  lli,'  head  priij,'!!.  v,'iy  imieli  (p. 
l.'i;i).  •  •  •  The  alioi'inin,'s  ot'  MeU  ille  ,'uid  lialhiu-^l  Isl.imls  .ir,.  ot  Hi,' same  laee 
*  '  *  us  those  throiii^liont  New  llollaml  (p.  l.'i-).  Ilai.l  nr  wnniliii  piilows  aii' 
not  niiiversal  in  w  arm  eonnnies.  The  <  >valis  of  Mad.inasi  ar  sit  on  eiishions.  li,'  on 
mats,  and  have  a  in.-ittid  hoist, r.''  (.lour.  Roy.  (i,ii;,'r.  Sue.,  l->:i.'i,  Vol.  v,  p  .iiJ'J; 
(Japlaiii  Lewis.) 

I'"h>wi'r,  Williain  i  I.     ( l'"asliioii  in  l»,'t'iiriiiiiy.     idimlmMl  l.ihiars ,  \,'w  \'iiik.     \'ol. 

II,  No.  ".i^. )  Till' author  lepiirlH  a  sl.ilenieiit  iii.nle  1,,  liim--'lr  liy  .Mi .  II.  I',.  I. aw.  to 
Ihi'eirecl  that  III,'  1  lyaks  ol'  Aiawak  pr.ntieeil  ai  i  ili,  i:il  ll;!l  tiiiiin;  of  I  lie  oeeipnt  (p. 
l'.'). 

I''eatheriiiivn,  A.  (.Soeiikl  History  of  Hi,'  Iv.iees  of  Miiikiml,  •,',!  ili\  ision.  Ii,imliiii. 
!~s7,  rtvo.)  Amoiifi  tlie  I  )y,iks  .'i  mat  like  He  Me\ir.iii  pel.i  ir,  w  lii,  h  serifs  Hi,'  s.im,' 
purpose,  in  used  for  a  hed.  "A  ha.i;  si  iillcil  w  il  h  i;i:i.s  , ins  wits  iIi,'  piii  p,i>i'  of  a  pil- 
low "  (p.  V-TiH). 

Iieymilds,  ,1.  11.  (voya;;,'  <if  111,-  U.  S.  frigate  I'lilniiiHf,  N'i'W  ^■|llk.  l-'.'..'i,  .-\o)  slates 
that  Hie  li,'a,ls  of  Hi,'  A(dieue.se  "  ar,'  soini'U  liai  ll.il  or  eumpi,  s^,'il,''  Iml  L;i\  ,s  no  rea- 
son for  this  (p.  l-;i). 

•  iiiillemard,  Dr.  I''.  II.  II.  (Crni.se  of  the  .I/iotAi-.k,  London.  1-Vi'i.  -^vo.)  Inihe 
Siiln  .\reliip,'la^'o  the  cradle  us.d  is  a,  "lillh'  hasket-woveii  col  "  hmijj  in  tli,'  middle 
of  a  hni;;  hainhoo  snpiioiled  a  I  the  ends.  The  vihr-iliims  ol  ihe  h.uulioo  wlieii  pulled 
rock  the  (diild.  (Vol.  li,  p.  11. j  .N'mmi,'  Hie  llalam  TapiLuis  li,'  s.iw  a  iiiimher  of 
womi'ii  "with  hahii'S  strappi'd  upon  their  hacks.''     (\ol.  ii,  p.  'J',11.) 

I''eathermaii,  A.  (Social  History  of  Ih,'  K'aces  of  Mankind,  '.'d  ilivision.  I.omlon. 
18«7.  Hvo.)  Aiiioiif;  the  .Snmalra.s  "thi'iiose  is  llatteneil  ami  Ihe  skull  is  compressed 
I'rom  early  infancy  as  a  iniirU  of  lieaiity  "  (p.  ','KI). 

Miirsdeu  (p.  .|4).  "The  .SiiliialraiiM  llatlen  Hie  noses,  and  compnss  tho  lUKses  of 
Oliildrcu  uowly  boru.    They  likewise  pull  out  the  car.'j  of  iulaiit.s  tu  make  theiu  stand 


•^A 


l^' 


•j:\2 


UEPOUT    OF    NATIONAL    MUSKUM,   IMH7. 


h 


t      I 


] 


at  an  aimlf  fiimi  tlio  lioiul,''    (Siieiuiur,  Dos,  8i>o.  Nt'Kiitto  ami  Malityii-i'olynt'Hiiiii 

Hairs,  |i|i.  -.'ii.) 

IValli' rmaii,  A.     (Sinial  Hintory  of  llio  Hupoh  of  MiiiikiiHl.     Loiiiloii.  H87.     Mvn. 
Allien;;  tlii'  Mclvillr  I-il.iiiil  trilifs  "a  roll  i>f  fliiii,  HJlky  liark  mitvi'm  as  a  inllow  ui 
ni^lit  :iiiil  as  a  soat  ,ii  tlu'  ilay-(iiiii'."     (I'aiiiiii-.Mclaiit'Hiaiis,  -Jil  iliviH.,  |i.  Ivill. ) 

iM'Mlln'i'maii,  A.  (Social  History  of  tin' Kai:im  of  Maiikiiiil.  Loinlon,  l."<"*7.  Hmi., 
Tin'  a  1 11  iii  filial  Ta>niaiiian  wmiii'ii  (ra|Mian-<')  "  tlilow  ovrr  tlii'ir  sIiihiIiIith  tin'  sUin  i.i 
an  iiiilaiiiiiil  kiii"i'i(i  or  iiiiiissiiiii,"  in  wliirli  llirv  plati' tlii'ir  rliililii'ii  '•  when  rall'.N 

ih<;  llir n  llir  liarU.'      ( l'a|iii(>  anil  Malayo  Mrlaiir.siaiiH,  '^il  ilivis,,  ]i.  100.) 

Clink,  ('a|ilain.  (VoyaK''  lowarils  tlir  Sonlli  J'oli',  t'ti'.,  II,  (i.  lU.)  NiiliM'sof  Mal- 
lirollo  wi'.ir  a  lirit  wliii'li  "tln-y  tin  ho  li^lit  ovit  tin)  Itolly  tliiit  the  Nliapr  of  thru 
IhkIIi's  is  not  iinlikr  that  of  an  oM'i'^rowii  pisniini."  (S|>i'nror,  Di-n.  Snr.  Ni'j;riii(i 
anil  Malavo-l'olynriian  Kan's,  p.  v!(), ) 

liiisk,  (ii'oitri'  (.loiir.  Aiitliio|i.  lii.st.  (Iroiit  Hritain  and  Ireland,  .Ian.,  H7~)  Hjii-aks 
of  till-  "fxtfi'inr  llatleniiii;  '  '  '  of  thr  frontal  ii'^'ion''  in  ciTlain  Mallicoliit 
.sknlls  as  "artil'nial," 

(  liriviT,  II.  T.  "Till'  nnnatiiial  llatli'niii;;  of  the  ort'i|iiii  "  (in  thr  Hawaiian  IhmiI) 
'■  is  tliiiil^hl  to  ln>  ii\viii;i  til  till'  way  I  he  innllirr  Imlils  liiT  lialir,  w  liiili  is  liy  llir  It'll 
hand  Miiiiioriin;;  the  hack  of  its  head."  (Siionii-r.  Drs.  Sue.  \i'y:iiiio  and  .Malayii- 
I'ldynrsiaii  Kari's;  pp. ','(1,  "Jl. )  Occipital  llaltciiiii;;  also  prninulcd  liy  tin'  nsc  ol  a 
mat  pillow  or  one  of  wood. 

D'.MIiirtis,  L.  .M.  (New  (iiiinca.  I.onilon,  l-'-^l.  f*\o).  On  Villi- Island  "chililitii 
wiMi'ianiid  ■  ■  "  in  nclliil  lia^s,  n'stin;i  on  till' hai'ksof  llii'ir  moihrih,  siispciiilril 
l>v  a  cold  llial  passed  loiiinl  the  wmiien's  heads.  »  »  •■  'I'heir  le;;s  were  sni.ill  in 
propiii'liiin  to  theii  lioilies,"  (\'o|.  I,  p.  'Jli'.'.)  Itolh  on  the  coast  and  in  the  inti'iioi 
of  Villi'  1-laiid  the  natives  wear  a  lisiht,  Inoad  licit,  •'sonietinies  woven  on  Iheliody." 
Coinpfcssion  fioni  this  rcsnlts  in  distoition,  jiivin;,'  I  he  li;,'nrc  a  ••  \ciy  peculiar  apjicai  - 
aiice,"     (  Vol.  II,  ]i.  '.'Ai'2.) 

I'citlieiiiian,  A.  (.'social  llistmy  of  the  li'accs  nf  Manki ml.  hoiidon,  I"""?.  -\i>). 
State  that  the  K'iara  women  ^  I'apno-Melancsian  ^tinip')  c.'irr,\  I  Inir  children  "on  their 
liaeks  in  a  hay  of  iicl-vMirk  *  »  •  hiispcnded  from  the  forehead  li.\  a  hand  "  (p.  .'d) 
Oilier  I'apiians  i  arry  tht'ir  infants  in  the  "  Map"  of  a  cloak  ni.'iile  of  coeoa-nnt  liher 
(p. 'Jl).  The  Tasmaiiians  carried  them  "wrapiied  in  a  kaii};ai'oo-skin,  which  hnm; 
lichind  the  liaek  "  (p.  •.'! ). 

I'nilid  States  l",\ploiinn  F.xpedition  (Wilkes),  (llo.  Vol.  vi,  "  KtliniiL;iaph\ ." 
Horatio  Hale.  I'hiliideliiliia,  l-*!!').)  (iencral  rcmarl^s  on  prevalent  occipilal  llalliii- 
iiif;  amon;^  Polynesians  (p.  10). 

In  coniicciion  with  Ihe  references  to  occipital  llatlcnini^r  imiony  the  I'olyiiesiaiis  (a 
fact  vaiiiMisly  explained),  lint  not  in  any  case,  so  far,  reforred  to  the  ;.:eneral  ciislom 
of  layim;  in  fan  is  mi  hard  mats  in  warm  conn  tries,  and  especial  I. v  so  in  ( iccanica,  thus 
inide  .iuncdly  eoiniiressiim  the  head  hv  its  own  vvei;;ht,  the  following  statements  arc 
made:  Sir  .1.  liovvriuK  (I'hilippine  islands,  London,  IH.VJ,  fvo)  i|not('H  the  etlinolo;;- 
ii  al  tahlesof  Ilnzeta  lo  the  elfect  that  the  "iinre  Indians"  (T.'iyals)  of  the  I'liilippincs 
have  this  characteristic,  whereas  amony  the  Mestizos  and  Nej;rittos  it  is  not  nieiitinned 

(p.  ITii).     \V 1  (rncivili/ed  Ivaces  of  .Men  ;    ll.irtford,  1-71;  "vo)  states  that /»  <7n7./- 

hiiiiit  Ihe  Ihishman  skull  cxhihit.s  excessive  occipital  iiniiiiliini.  and  this  naturally 
(p.  •24'.t).  Fnrlhcr,  that  the  .sanio  is  the  case  with  the  Ovamho  at  all  a;,'es  i  p.  :il(ii. 
Finally,  that  marked  convi'xity  of  the  front  as  well  asthe  hack  head  distin^niishes  the 
W  ahimia  ( p.  100).  These  facts, /<.i/ //icHi.ic/rfi,  c;incel  any  int'erences  from  lliee\ccp- 
t  lonal  (onloiir  of  a  sni'/ic  cranial  hone  nnsuiiported  liy  evidence  of  ahiiormal  growth 
or  mci  hanical  interference.  Hard  mats  and  a  wooden  iiillow  explain  the  faetofoccip- 
it.'il  tlattcnin;;,  where  a  V(^rti(;al  oceiimt  is  not  a  decided  race  feature. 

Wallace,  A.  H.  (Australasia,  London.  l-'7'.t,  l',*mo)  ij notes  Captain  Krskine  to  llio 
ctl'cct  that  amony  the  Polynesian  or  .\lahori  race  it  is  the  ciislom  to  Hal  ten  the  nose 
duriug  iufaucy  (p.  Vj:\).     He  remarks  (hat  the  occipital  liattuuiuy  may  be  artilicial 


11.  r.»l).     Tliioii 
nil  notices  of  (lis 
if  N'aiiitoro,  San 
,  livaled  liy  circi 
Pritchaid  \V.  ' 
..■riliin;;  the  proi 
hive  Ihe  ciistoii 
lormity  with  ihi 
pp.  l-.'7,  I-.'-). 
Marl  111.  I»i'.  'I 
-vol      On  \  nlc 
ihe  molhcrs,  siis 
■W.) 

Uiillev,  ,1.    (Fi 
nose-llattcniii;; 
Foster,  Dr.  .1. 
I77-.   tto).   Noli 
I'eopleof  Tierra 
iinl  tlio  toes  til 
ipp,,-ili:l,  :.'.>l).     f 
Foster  desclili 
,11111   of  Ihe   plni 
I  iencral  de  his  1 
Tnrnlinll,  .loli 
noses  of  the  Ola 
lancy"  (p.  ^''Hk 
Fllis.  William 
of  in'aiicy"  in  i 
,inil  \vere;sener:i 
III  handaj;esiir  w 
and  its  feiitnres 
s|iread  out  llie  ii 
of  I.eanly."     (V 
I  he  hoys  were  j 
shape  of  a  wed 

,\ol.  I,  p.  :u:!.! 

Ill  i;cneral  rei 

ciiiy,  Caroline, 

sialure."  lint   il 

III  inonnlaiiion" 

lioni  nsin^;  Ihe 

'ihelaeialaii^ 

is  not  so  mnei 

111   aiiiiiline." 

iliicl's  liavo  ma 

OiiCarpeiilal 

liy  pressiii!^  it  \ 

Or.  Karl  Sell 

11111  that  anilic 

•J'.'O).     Ucmark 

.Anieriea  (ihiil.. 

Wood,  .L(i. 

iiiv;  and  liose-lh 

United  Stat 

trated. 


y 


■■■-^r^'*E:rrr!rgrg*i 


aBSS??mR9«apfsgse9!9Rn 


I  "MLP JL'  PUt'lP'B-ggWWrg™ 


AKIIIICIAI.    DKIOUMATION    or    (IIILDHKN. 


■rolyiinHiuii 

.  H87.     Hvo. 

M    ,1     pllldW    111 

l.-iH?.      Hvo.  1 

s  I  III'  .sKiii  III 

U  Ill'TI  CliriN 
I'M).) 

i»  I't  111"  Sliil- 
lapi'  of  ilii.ji' 
Sue.  N(';4rittn 

1-T7)  .spi'iikN 
in    .M;illirii||ii 

w.iiian  licail) 
is  liy  til.'  Ii'fl 
anil  .Malayii- 
I  III'    ll.si'  1)1    ;i 

111   "rllilillrn 

IN,    •'IISpllllliil 

vcri'  Niriall  in 

I  till'  iiiliM'iiir 
III  1  111'  lioily." 
illi.'il';ippi'ar- 

1H87.     Svo). 
roil  "on  (lu'ir 
iiinl"  (|>.  .-.I) 
iioa-iiiit  liliiT 
,  wliit'li  liiiiij; 

llllunlMpliy." 

pita!  Ilatlrn- 
iil\  nrsiaiiM  (.'I 

IK  r.'ll   ^ll^lll||| 

'•laiiii'.i,  IIliis 
ali'Miciil.s  arc 

ll''    I'lllllllloM- 

■  I'liiiippiiii'-, 
'I  ini'iit iiiiii'il 
lliat  ///  I  !,ilil- 
lis  iialiii;illy 
'K'-.s  ip.  liltl), 
ii;;iii.'>li('.'<  till' 

II  I  lie  r\(('p- 
riii.il  Hii'wih 
lad  (il'Dc'cip- 

ikiiio  (o  till! 
h'll  (III'  nose 
bu  ai'tilii;ial 


I  p.  I'Jl).  Tlii'"M;{lioiit  lliis  woiK  anil  lli.'  ('tliniilii;;i('«l  iip|ii'iiilix  liy  Kcaiic.  ilnii'  air 
no  notici's  iil'disloi'lion  ntln  r  llian  tin'  alio\  i'.  On  pa;^i<  I'll  is  ii  portrait  of  a  "  rlin  1° 
if  N'lliiiloio,  Santa  Cm/.  NlanilM,"  u  Imsi' mUiiII  .tppnim  to  liavr  lirrn  loiiiidi'ssril  anil 
1  li'\atril  li.V  ril'clllar  lpanila;;rH. 

rritrliaiiMV.  T.     (I'ol.s  in'siaii  li'iiiiiiiHcciiii's.    Lonilmi,  l-iiii.     Hvo.)    Willmiit  dn- 
■I'l'iliin;;  tlir  proiTHM,  Iio  hIiiIi'h  tin'  I'ari  llint  llic  'roliKium,  Siuiioiiiis,  anil  KiJI  Isjiiinli'i-.s 
liivi' till'  riistoni  "oC  Ni|iirr/,inLi  tlir   lii'ails  of  iiiliiiitH  into     *      '      '     a  "Iiiipr  in  rijn 
Miiiiiity  witli  till' if  itli'al  of  lira  lit  y  "  (p.  117).     U'i'IiluUh  on  run  loin  of  ili>.ioi  tril  .•.Knil 
pp    l'J7.   I'.'-K 

Mart  in.  1  ir.  .1.  ( An  .\rr  niiil  of  tin'  NatiM's  of  tin  I'oiin.i  iNlainls,  l.oiiilon,  l-l.-^. 
~vii>  t  )m  Viilo  Islaliil  "  rliihli'i'ii  wi'ii'  lannil  in  mlli'il  Ita  ;;.'<,  ii'»tiiin  on  ilir  harks  of 
ilii'  niotlii'is,  Hiisprnili'd  li,\  a  roiil  that  pa^siil  nninil  Ihi'  »oiiii'n's  hra  U."  (\'i>l.  t.  p. 
•M-i.) 

Itiilh'i',  J.  (Forty  Ycar.s  in  Nrw  /calanil.  London,  \'*~h.  I'Jmo.)  Description  of 
iiiisi'-tlattinin;;  and  i li  ligation  ot  slia|»'  ot'  liiiihs  hy  inaiiipiilation  (pp.  '.M.'i.'Jtii). 

l"n>ti'r,  I  >r.  .1.  ll.  (<  >hsirvatiiiii>  inadi'  iliirin«  a  Voyani'  round  I  he  Win  Id.  London, 
177-.  Ito).  Notiri'ol  anlri'ii-posli'riordcpii'ssioiiof  slnijl  in  Malliii'llii{  pji.  '.'l'.','J<'i7,'.iil-), 
I'i'oploof  Ticrra  drl  l'nr;;o,  roiisianliy  in  ivinni's,  hasr  "  llo'  li'>;s  liciil,  Ihc  knris  lai;;i', 
ami  llio  toi'.'i  tiiinrd  inwards'' (pp.  •■iM,  -li'^).  l.'i'inaiks  mi  iiosi'-llaMiiiiii;;  In'raliili 
(pp.  .'ilKI,  .".'.M).     Says  llottcntot.s  and  iialivi'sof  Marassar  IniM' same  <'iistoin  (|i.  .'ilM). 

Foster  di'srrlln's  llic  proriss  of  llalti'iiiiiK  till'  noso  III  Tahiti,  and  ipioti's  hisdrscrip- 
111111  of  till'  prori'ss  iiHi'il  li,\  tin-  llolli'iituls  and  in  M.nassar  fn'iii  (ioniara,  llislmia 
ili'iii'ral  do  las  liidias  (pp.  MK!.  ■'I'.M). 

Tiirnhiill,  .Iidiii  (Voyai;i'  K'onnil  llm  World,  I.ondon.  l-l;i,  -vi>)  iriiiarks  that  the 
iiosi's  of  till'  Otahiitans  air  "  iini\crsall\  ll.il,  orci-^iohnl  li\  pn  ssiirr  linriiij;  llicir  in- 
lani'y''(p.  ;ill).     Notliiiin  I'm  llnr  said. 

KIlis,  William.  (Polynesian  Ki's.'aicliis.  London,  I  S',",t.  -vo.)  "  I  luring  ilie  period 
nf  iii'aniy"  in  I  ho  .Sieiety  and  Caroline  Islands  ••  the  eliildreii  ueieseldnni  eloilnd, 
.Mill  weri!  ;;('iierally  laid  or  earned  in  a  hori/unlal  position.  'I'liey  were  ne\  er  eon  lined 
in  lianihi^;i'sor  wi.ippeil  in  ti;iht  elothin;;."  In  laiiiti  "  the  shape  of  t  he  eh  i  Id  s  head" 
and  its  features  were  caiefnllv    oliseived,  and   p.irenls  and  niiises  "ol'leii  pressed  or 

spread  out  tlio  iioslrils  of  the  females,  as  ,'i   ll.it  nose  w.is  i sidered  liy  tlieiii  a  iiiarU 

of  heaiily."  (Vol  I,  p  ;?l:t.)  In'l'aliit  i  "  I  he  t'orehe;id  and  the  l.aek  of  t  he  head  of 
the  lio\s  wero  pressed  iiiiwaids,  so  tliat  the  iippei  p:n  t  of  Ihi  sKuJI  appeared  in  the 
shapi'  of  !i  wedi^e.     This,  tliey  s.nd,  was  done  to  add   lo   llie  hrror  oft  heir  aspe.l ." 

(Vol.  I,  p.  :vi;i.} 

Ill  Koneral  remarks  on  the  "South  Sea  Islanders,"  i....  natives  of  tin  (ieoiKian,  So- 
1  nly,  Caroline,  "and  adjaei  nt  isles,"  KIlis  savs  tlie,\  "  are  t;en.  rally  ahoM'the  iiinldle 
si.ilure,"  liMt  their  linihs  are  not  eorrespomlinnl.s  inusi  iiiai,  lhoiii;h  •  well  loniied. 
In  moniitainons  ]iarts  the\  have  inlnrned  feet  ami  an  ••  e\eeedine|s  awkward  yail, 
lioiii  usin;;  tho  naked  teet  ill  elinilnn;;  roeks  :,nd  ravines.  Fxeepl  w  hen  distort. 'd. 
■■Ihisl'aidalaii^'loisfre.pn  iiil>  as  perpeudimlar  as  m  the  F.iiropean."  Nose-llalleniiiii 
IS  not,  so  general  as  it  was  formerly,  ami  the  nose  "is  seldom  llat,"  hut  "  reeliline.ir 
1.1  aiiniline."  (Vol.  II,  pp.  l:t-l.'..)  The  Led  of  the  niajorils  is  a  single  mat.  I'lie, 
1  liiefs  Iiavo  many.     Tlie  pillow  is  wnodeii.     ( Vol.  it,  ii.  117.) 

Oil  Carpentaria  finlf.Anstr.ilia,  the  mothers  tlailm  the  nose  of  their  > 01111- .luldren 
l.v  pressing  it,  with  the  hand  on  the  i.oinl  ami  lav  in;;  lln   rhild  mi  its  laie. 

Dr,  KaiiSi  her/er.  (Voya-e  of  the  Vmwn,.  London,  1 -i.:!.  -vo.  Vol.lll.l  Op,,,- 
lou  that  arlllieial  llalteniiiK  "f  oeeipilal    le^'ion  prevails  anion-  women  of   ialnli  (p. 

•J-,'il).     Uemarks  on  artilieial   dislorti d'  head  on  west   eoasi  of  North  and   South 

.America  (ihid.,  pp.  :!17,:M^^,  ;!'.r.!). 

Wood,  J.  (i.  (rncivili/ed  Knees  of  Men.  Hartford,  1-7  1.  Svo.)  Occipital  llat  (en- 
iii-r  and  liose-tlatleiiin- anion-  the  Tahitans,  with  descril.tion  of  I  he  process  ( p.  lO.iU). 

Uniti'd  Stales  ExiiloiiuK  Expoditiou,  i,  'JoD.  Method  of  carryiiig  childicu  illus- 
trated. 


I 


.''I 


} 


Lv^^l 


wmfmmmmmm^mm^^ 


•j;ii 


UKI'OKT    UK    NATIONAI,    MI'MKl'M,    \SHl. 


Al 


V 


Culvrii,  T.  \\  .  nnil.l.     (Tiji  mill  till' FiJiiiiiH.     N.  V.,  IM^.    Pvo.)    Tim  lud  nf  m  i  Im  i 

IMiliIi'  (111  till'  liil  111  lilt' 111',  ••  I.-,  rovficil  with  IhlllM,  VIII'.X  in^  ill  llllllllirr  I'll  nil  two  In  i\  I- 
mill  .s|irt'liil  iivi'l  ;i  lllirk  lll.M'l'  iil'illii'il  ^liisH  iillil  t'lilnllr  I'll  IIM,  \\  lil|t>  (III  Ihi'lll  ill' 
pliuril  I  VMi  III' tllirr  linil  wimmIiii  or  limilliim  |iillii\\  m"  (|i.  111-).  'I'lii'l'i'  was  all  I'IiiIim 
I'iiIk  loriii  III'  ui'iirial  lii'il.  All  iiil'iiiil  is  "aimiiili'il  Willi  nil  and  Imiit'iic,"  liiit  ii|i|iai 
I'lill.v  not  Humlti'i!  ill  any  wa.".  'I'lir  I'i'Ii'IiiIh  "  plait  isiiiall  iiiiiIn,  incaNiirliiK  aliniil 
I'l'i't  liy  I,  I'wl  llii'  nmllii'l'  In  liiil'si'  lii'l'  lialir  ll|iiili,''  'I'lirir  is  no  iioliii'  llial  IIh  In  i|  i 
mil  likr  I  lull  ili-Hi'i  ilii'il  aliiivt'  (|i.  l:l*  I.  "Nativi's  iiiii>i'  llii'  cliilil  Ail  lih;j  ijnilo  iiai^  < 
a;<tiiili' till' iiioIIht's  lil|>,  w  Ini't' II  is  krpl  riniii  railing  li.\  liiT  at'in  "  (p.  \W). 
Till' ( ';il\iiis  aNo  lic'sriilii'  ilii' iiiisi' as  "  wi'll  sliapnl,  willi  fnll  iiosirils.  yil  illHliiiii 

lldlll  till'  IKL'Io  l\  pi'."  rill'  •  lliwrr  rMl'l'lllilirs  "  ail'  "of  lllr  plopoll  inn  ^I'lll'lalii 
Iniiiiil   aiiinii^    while    pcnplr."      'I'lic    ''Inolil    ol'  till'    lioilv    is    ilrtiili'tl ly   Klllciprail''   (p 

.'■.').  I»i.  I'ii  Im  riiiLj  (liiiii's  nl'  Mill.  p.  I  IT'  sa\s  ilir  T'ljiaii  irania  aii'  iiniiiii'',  lia\' 
"  i:il  In  r  llii'  murn  mil  iiui'."'  w  liili'  "  llii'  pioiil.' "  appears  In  lie  "  as  \  iTl  iral,  il'  n^'i 
llinle  sn,  than  in  the  while  lai  e." 

Ninil,.S.      (.Inlir.  I!o_\  al  (ieour,  Sim  .  I,nlli|nii,  |-:l'.'.     Hvn.      \iil.  I.)     I  •csi'liliilli;  lllllivi 

of  Kill '4  li('or;;e's  Si  111  III!  (Swan  Kivi  r  enlony  >,  Aiislialia,  he  says:  "  For  the  liisl  few 
wi'eh>  Ihe  rhilil  \-i  eaiii"il  on  llii'  Iifl  aim    III  a  fojil  of  the  I'loak,  Inil  siiliseipienlly  i- 

Ml,s|ii  llilrll  nil    the  ^liolllllers"  (p.   ;l',M. 

l'o\ille,A.  I  llillileiire  lies  N'eleiiii'lls  slir  lios  Orj^aiies.  (>lc.  Paris,  H:M),  ilesililie- 
rasi's  of  cranial  ileforiiiity  ami  iiieiilal  inrapaeily  iiiniliii'eil  liy  lianila^jiii;;  the  he.nl 
ilill  in;;  ililaliey 

l''n\  ille  i|lle|iN  I  ll  llliiell  liaill  (  I  'nlli  i|  in  ( 'I'a  llinlll  in  )  with  le  fere  nee  In  ease-i  of  allli'l  1 1 
posleiinr  llalleiiiii;;  ai  rnin|iaii  led  If\  nceipilal  pint  liwioli,  ami  In  inslaiiees  nf  lli. 
pUaiiiiilal  Iniiii  nf  llie  I'eliniaii  sLiill.  lie  -.tales  ih.-il  'rnikish  elaiiia  ;;|noveil  \>\ 
iiyat  lires  lia\  e  Iieell  fniiml. 

M.  \  He;,  (Alt.  "I'lifant."  I>ii'.  ili's..siei.  Miil.)  asserls  Ihal  eaps  ilrawii  li;;lil  In 
I  ililiniis  w  ill  •■  I'niee  I  hi'  lieail  into  a  siiL;ai-loal'  shape,  ami  pi'iHliiee  iilioex  "  in  infant  ~ 

l,a  llrel.  ;  Cninpl.  1,'eiiil.  See.  ill  riinln^ie,  I'aris.  1  S''p'.'.  I\../-.m/.)  Sii  r  1,1  defni  mat  inii 
arlilicielle  ilii  era  lie  en  .\iiieiii|iie.  The  anllmi  ^i\  es  a  n'siinie  nf  Ihe  npiiiioiis  of  well 
know  II  w  rilirs  nil  the  prniliietinn  of  i  r.iiii.il  lie  fnriiiily  1i,\  arlilieial  means  in  Noi  I  L 
ami  *<niiili  Ainerie.i. 

(illi  liinf  ( Itlill.  Sue.  ile  Cllir.  ile  I'ai  i>,  I'TH.  Vil  Se|.  \,  :;-'.>  i  I  mij.  ),  "  <  )lilii|iliti'  pai 
pi'ipiil>inn  niiiliitiiali  ."  ile^eiiUes  a  ease  nf  llalteiiiny;  nf  the  oeeipilo-piiriel  al 
li'Hinn  nil  one  sjije,  areoliipaiiieil  liy  eorre-'poinrnin  pliijei-l  ion  nf  the  nlliel,  line  111 
eiiiisl.-inl    pnsilimi  nf  the  heail  mi  a  li.iril  siiii'aee  iliiiiii'^  iiifiney. 

I'r.  .1.  Tlniiiinni  1 1  tii  .^v  misin^i-,  nl  tin'  t'l  inial  linue-.  I.nmlmi,  Isiiri),  (|(>scrilii's  a 
lilai  li\  lepluilmis  ^Klll)  IVmii  llie  Iv'niiiiil  r>aiiiiw-.',  with  a  Innail,  shallow  ilepressinii 
passing  lieluinl  the  li'lnu.lj  Mltlire  .inil  n\er  llie  nl'l  iplll  ill  the  line  nf  the  I  r,i  ns\  el>i 
spine.  This  was  eviileiilly  llie  etleel  nf  Home  Uillil  nf  heailill  es>  ;  pi  nli.'ilily ,  niie  slieli 
as  M  M,  I'nville  anil  Ijinier  h.'is  ilesei  ilieil  as  imw  in  use  in  I'laine. 

I,.  A.  (  Mi',>ei  ;  l!,-^ai  siir  h-s  ili.fm  liiatinii's  ml  i''eielles  ihl  el:ilie.  Paris,  IH.'i.'i.  Aek- 
eiiiiaiiii.  Nines  .Maua/in  \  mi  lialilliiiLii'i'.  I>il.  '.'.  p.  .'  i.  -^a.s  ^.  "  1 1  line  nimeiii  in  <  ieriiiiinia 
sat  is  n>itat  mil  (".M- ei  I.aiirenlii  i'^  ;  eiiain  I  lamlnii :!' ii>is  eapita  iiemiatniuin  viiieiilis 
al  tilieii'M'  ennililessissl'."  .'^ehaile,  .1.  He  ,siine||l;|i  j  elailli  elljllsillini  llelnrniilate, 
(;r>pliia',  l-.".s,  II." 

I  ill  III  I.nnier  (  Hssai  siir  lesiir-fm  mat  inns  art  itieielles  ilii  eiane.  (Josse.  Paris,  ISH.")), 
reti  r>  til  litis  eii-.iniiias  prevailiiii;  .  llie  Pramo-liallie  "invinees,  ami  ailils,  ••  lla;;iie 
li.'iml  ilillii  lie  inielleeln  viiletiir,  flit  ^itmi  ctiaiii  liiijiis  eraiiii  (lelorniilalciii  ea  caii.sa 
atfeetam  e^>e."      II.  ^ 

liliiii.  .AmliA  iliosse's  essai)  reports  llie  same  in  l-'lamlers.  .Shailel  ieeoi;nizes  the 
iiilra-nleniie  e.iiises,  ami  for  t lie  niii>t  ji.u'l  oeeiipies  himself  with  ilislml  inn  iliie  In 
alVeetioiis  of  Ihe  siiliiies,  fnllowiii;^  Hyrll,  Slalil.ainl  N'irehow. 

Case  of  what  (lin'-niot  ealls  (lliliipiite  par  pr 'piil>imi  iinilaterale,  "' repnileil  l>y  M. 
Mociiiiet.    (ISiill.  Sne.  Anat.  lie  Pmis,  Is?.'),  1.  M. )    Cause  staliil  to  lie  in  all  such  cases, 


I'l'  i.iiwt,  |iruloiiu('i 
I  ion  ami  weiejil  o 

Itollike,    Capl. 
"  erailles  of  llal   In 
I  he   M<ii|llis    ill    III 
Imliaiis.     When  I 
ii  Ills  piiiioneil  ti^ 

Vamlieiy,  A.      ( 

here  ill  e'l'lleral  It- 
I  iiiisei|m'in'e,  liec; 
llial  oliM'i'vmices. 
fill'  lUiy  leilLJlll  nf 

llarris,  .Maj.  NV 
ItaiikalisamI  Smi 
^liapeil  like  a  el  II 
pel  iw  i;;  frniil  ilei: 

IfAII.erii-.,  L.  > 
.iiiil  ill  the  shape 
llial  parietal  cm: 
-lalenieiiis  iiiiiy,  ! 
ihe  w  hole  line,  tV 
{  I,  |i.  '.'In  I.  Ill  li 
Straits,  the  type 

lllake.  Dr.  Cart 

ileserihes  a  fclliali 
lUessinn  of  the  pi 
Mavis.  (Collcc 
^iiiall,  low  i--laiii 
"Tlie>  lake  a  pie 
ehihl's  lieail,  anil 
I  heir  hacks  like  :i 
Dawkiii-..  W  .  i: 
notes  oil  the  era 
pressioii  across  1 1 
the  appcaiam  e  n 
ilefnriiiatinll  the 
enr.toiirs  nf  I  lie  I 
enmpressimi  i  p. 

Professor  lliisk 
colli  ili;;eill  nl  til' 
tni'ies  "  llseil  In  i 
III  the  same  w 
liiachsceplialnils 
an  iinyieiiliii;;  cl 
I  he  ScUiKUeiin.\ 


r-^I^MU^^J^.H*^ 


mmKmmn*imK»*w^ 


■■IV 


"ir""'*^^- 


AETllMCIAL    KKI'OKMATIOX    oK    CIIILDUKN. 


•>'5P, 


lull  III'  II  rlllrl 
III  I  u  o  III  It  h 

'  nil  llll'lll  Itll 
MIS  Mil    I'lllllu 

,"  lint  ii|i|iiii 

ll'lll)r    alllMII 
llUl    ilH  lll'lj   I-. 

1  i|nili<  iiakii! 

I.  ,Vrl  lliMtilHl 

lull  {[{t'lii'rail  V 
iiiii|ii'iiii  °'  (|> 
iniii|iii',  liiiv  < 
rliciil,  if  iiiM 

iliiiiK  mitivi'^ 
till'  I'iinI  I'i'w 

liMiilHrlllly   is 

II 1,  tl('Mrrilii> 
ii>!  llir  Ill-ail 

Hrsnl'  ailtrlii- 
UIII-I>H  III'  till 
1   ;;riiiivi'i|    li\ 

vvii  li;;lil  In 
\"  ill  inraiil- 
I  ill  liii  mat  inn 
linns  III'  wi'jl 
•alls  ill  Xnrtli 

I  lliliiiiiitl'  |l;ll 

i|iiln-|iaririMl 

nlllcl.   llnr   In 

),  tIt'Hrlilirs  a 
IW  l|l•|l^l■s^i^l|| 

111'  I  lansvi'iM 
III  V,  nIK'  slnll 

1,  Ki'i.  A<l>- 
I  ill  <  iirniania 
iriiiii  s  liiriilis 

llrlnrililtati'. 

Paris,  IrtCri), 
lil-^,  ■•  Itanui) 
trill  ca  culi.sa 

■i'n;;ili/.('s  tlir 
nrt  inn  llnr  to 

■llnltlll  liy  M. 
ill  SUcll  ca.SL'M, 


ni'  laoHt,  iiroloiiui'il  prt'nsiiin  nvi'i'  iirri|iitO'|iai  ii'lal  ir^lmi  I'lnin  haul  |iilliiw.  anil  poni- 
I  inn  anil  \M'i;;lit  nt'  Inail. 

Iliiilikn,  Cajit.  .Inlin  (I,  (Siial(i'-I)aiiri'  nf  tlm  Mniinis,  N'i'vv  \i>\U,  l-"*!).  ilrsn  ilns 
"  I'lailii's  of  llat  III  Mills,  with  a  M'liii  rilrilliilMrl'Cfii  t'nr  III''  Inail.  Tiii'Ht'  illDrl'  atiiii|i)r 
ilii'  Miii|iiis  ill  nil  t's^M'iiiiai  rmin  tin'  nriliniiiv  I'laillr-linaiil  nl'  lliv  Nni'ili  Ainriicaii 
liiiliaiis.  Wlirii  llir  rliilil  is  plari'il  nn  it  It  Is  \N  ia|i|ii'il  ii|i  li;;lill,V  in  lilatikrts,  with  its 
.inns  piiiinlii'il  lin;litl,\   to  its  siilrs"  (pp.  'J  lit, '.'111 . 

VaniliiT.V,  A.  (Skrtclirs  nl'  Ci'iltlal  Asia.  Lnmlnii,  |-^l>i.  ^'wailillili;;  rliitlirs  all' 
hi'i'i    III  ^I'lirrai  1 1  SI',  anil  I  lir  Uinilik  Ki'srii,  m  rnttiT  nl'  tin    ^.iiin,  is  ii  pi  rsnii  nl'  nun  li 

I  ciMsi'i|iiiMn'i',  lirrailsi'  llii'  art  nl' I'littiii^  tlirsn  (inl    iH  an  niiipaiiiiil  li,\   inaii.v  i  iifiiin- 

II  la  I  iilisiTvanrrs.  N'aiiiln'r.v  sitiiis  In  iiiilicati',  Imuivrr,  i  lial  llir  r  hi  M  is  nut  hw  at  In 'i  I 
Inr  anv  lrti;;tii  nl'  t  iliK'. 

Ilairis,  Maj.  \V.  ('.  (Ill;;lil.iiiils  nf  I'.lhinpia.  Lninlnii,  |-||.  Tin'  liraiis  n|'  Ihr 
HaiiUalisantl  SiiiiiailM,  at  'rajiiia,  "rinpln\  in  lii'iint'  a  pillnw  a  siiiiill  wnnilm  lin|>ti'i, 
^liapiil  jiki' .1  It  iltrh-lialiillr,  >vliirh  rrcrivcs  llii'  inik  '  "  '  alnl  pnsriMs  llir, 
lii'iiwi;;  rniiii  ilriaiiyiniriit  "  (I,  p.  .'8). 

1 1'.Mhrlli-..  li.  .M.  (  NrW  (illilira  I.  "(il'ral  \  ai  i'  I  irs  nl' tv  pi'.  Ill  rnlnl,  phs  sinylliilllV, 
anil  ill  llii' sliapr  111'  till'  skull,"  nil'  rniilnl  nn  raiii;ian  Islainl.  Iliii'  it  is  nlisciN.ii 
tiiat  )iarirlal  I'nniinrssinii  pintnnlrs  llin  Mipra  nrl.iial  arrln's  (I,  p.  •.".').  'I'lii'  sanir 
slali'inrlils  iiiiiv,  lir  sa.Ns,  hi'  inailr  nl'  tin'  lialivi's  at  Oiaii'.iiM  in  Ihl.V  il,  p.  IC  i.  .\liin;; 
till'  whnli'  liiii'.  Irnin  .Snimi;;  In  Pnri'v,  tin'  iinsi'  vai'iiil  in  rni'iii  ll'nin  |lal  In  ai|iiiliiii' 
(I,  p.  \illl).  In  Ills  plain  III'  till'  liiilintiiitiril  Inail  ;;nt  I'lniii  O.lllilry  Islainl.  'Inllrs 
Sti-aits.  tlir  tvpi'  is  inarlnii'phalniis. 

Itlakc,  |)r.  I'artrr  ( App>'n'li>i  I'ln'^l'l""'!  J^.M'a,  ItiiilniiiV  Ihakn.  I.ninlnn,  l"^7v!), 
ili'siiilii'S  a  I'l'inali' skull  t'lniii  tlir  l»a>  iMar  .Miisa  rl  llalia'<lii  slinw  iin.;  ai  tiiiiial  •■rniii- 
pnssinii  1)1'  till'  (lariilal  liniir>,  "  pinliaMv  r.iiisi',1  liv  iisr  nl'  till'  '•.HinkliliLj-linaiil.'' 

Mavis.  (Cnlli'i'tinn  nl'  \'ii>a.:is  ami  'IraMls.  I'tr.  Lnmliiii,  IT  l.'n.  "  In  .Mntiia,  a 
small,  Inw  islainl,  l.sim,'  in  tlir  riviT  nl  lln'  Ama/mis."  I'liililiiii  ai.  thus  railiril- 
"'I'liry  takl*  a  pirri'  nl'  till'  llliil  nl'  a  lii'C,  anil  u  ilh  nlin  CImI  llnlrnt'  I  1m>  r.ivlill  I'll' 
ihilil's  Inail,  ami  .iliniit  thn  ann  nits  ami  s'lniihlns  with  lh<'  ntln  r,  ami  >n  li.iii'.;  it  nn 
llii'if  harks  likn  a  tinkii's  Innlm't  "  ill,  p.  1^7  i. 

Kawkiii-,.  W.  Itnyil.  (CaM'  lliiiitim,'.  I.nmlnii,  l»rii.  li'rl'ris  In  I'ml'is'-nr  I!ii>k's 
Iiiitcs  nil  till'  riaiiia  nl'  I'm  I  hi  Chwaii'ii,  in  wliirli  ii  skull  with  "a  vmII  iiiaiki'il  ih'- 
pri'ssinii  ai'inss  till'  niiihlli' III'  llli'  nri'ipital  linni'"  is  lirsiiiliiil.  riii>  ih'piis^inii  hail 
till' appi'aiam  I' III'  hi'iny;  "raiisnl  hy  llm  rniiHtiirtinii  iif  a  li.inila'^i'."  I',\ri'p(  this 
ili'fninial  inn  tlin  skull  was  "  nm'II  Inrmi'il  anil  synimrli  iral."  nnl  lia\iiiL;  an\  •<(  thn 
('nl.tiinis  i,t'  ihi'  lili'  aniinlailr.  ilin'.  arrnnliliL;  In  M  M  l''n\  illr  anil  tin-,si'.  In  niiipil.ll 
rnill|irrs~.iiiii  i  p.    I7ll  1. 

I'lnl'i'S.snr  liiisk  stall's,  ill  iiis  nl  liiinhi.:iiil  miti's  (('a\i'  lliilillii:,'!,  that  I  he  lini  Inr 
»'i>ntiii);i'iil  III  till'  Mnnrish  iiivaili'is  nt  I'liiinpc  in  the  I'i^lith,  iiinlli.  .iml  tiiilli  i  in- 
tiilins  "  ilsi'il  ti>  I'liiii'^'iiti'  thr  skull  pn.s|  I'lini  ly  ami  tlallcii  llir  Inail"  i  ]>]>.  17n,  171  i 

In    till'  sanir  wnrk    l'riifi'-.i'i     Dawkins   sii.^.^ri.^is   Ih.il    llin    ihilli il    nn  ipill  nl'  llic 

liiarlixn-phalnns  iii\  ailris  nl'  iii'nlilhir    I'.nlaiii  '•  in.i\   h  i  m'  liinn   raiisnl   hy  I  Im  iim'  nt 

an  iinyii'liliiiK  nailli'-l .I  I'l  iiil.iiii>"   i  |'    l'.':'«).     K\  iiliMilly  tlio  llatti'Ufil  vi'i  ti!\  "I 

till'  .SfUiKueaiix  lavr  was  imt  naliiral  ip.  '^VJ). 


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